Rajesh K. Kesharwani, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Application, Nehru Gram Bharati (Deemed to be University), Prayagraj, India. He has more than 11 years of research and 9 years of teaching experience in various institutes in India. He has authored more than 55 peer-reviewed articles, 24 book chapters, and edited 15 books. His research fields of interest are medical informatics, protein structure and function prediction, computer-aided drug designing, structural biology, drug delivery, cancer biology, nano-biotechnology, and biomedical sciences. T. Jagan Mohan Rao, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology, NIT, Andhra Pradesh, India. He has research experience in the synthesis and production of poly and oligosaccharides. In his postdoctoral research in Brazil, he produced prebiotic oligosaccharides in orange juice by using an immobilized and co-immobilized enzyme system, while in South Korea, he worked on prebiotic properties of pectic polysaccharides using standard intestinal bacterial cultures and published his research findings in reputed international SCI-Journals. Raj K. Keservani, MPharm, is an associate professor in the Faculty of B. Pharmacy, CSM Group of Institutions, Prayagraj, India. He has more than 12 years of academic (teaching) experience from various institutes in India in pharmaceutical education. He has published more than 30 peer-reviewed papers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences in national and international journals, 1 patent, 43 book chapters, three co-authored books, and 19 edited books. His research interests include nutraceutical and functional foods, novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), transdermal drug delivery/drug delivery, health science, cancer biology, and neurobiology.

• Preface xiii1 Role of Probiotics in Treatment of Gut-Related Diseases 1Kunal Kumar and Rajani Sharma1.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Major Gut-Related Diseases and Probiotics Interaction 21.1.2 Metabolism in Probiotics 81.1.3 Sources of Probiotics 81.2 Nutrition Enrichment by Probiotics 81.3 Symbiotic Relation of Probiotics in the Gut 91.3.1 Mechanism of Interaction 101.3.2 Escaping Mechanism of Probiotics From Immune Cells 111.4 Probiotics Role in Boosting Host Immunity 111.5 Commercial Probiotic Products Possessing Beneficial Properties 121.5.1 Probiotics in Dairy Products 121.5.2 Fermentation of Fruit Juices With Fortified Probiotic Lactobacilli 141.5.3 Probiotics as Pharmaceutics 141.6 Controversial/Side Effects of Probiotics 221.7 Conclusion 221.8 Future Prospect 22References 222 Immune Response of Fructo and Galacto-Oligosaccharides 27Muthu Vijayasarathy, Yesudass Antony Prabhu, Selvan Pavithra, Selvaraj Jothi Prabha and Tingirikari Jagan Mohan RaoAbbreviations 282.1 Introduction 292.2 Sources of FOS and GOS 302.3 Synthesis of FOS and GOS 312.4 Bifidogenesis of FOS and GOS 322.5 Mechanisms of Oligosaccharides Mediated Immune Effects 332.5.1 Intestinal Immune Cells 332.5.2 Intestinal Epithelial Barrier 362.5.3 Microbiota-Dependent Effects of Oligosaccharides 372.5.3.1 Indirect Effect of Oligosaccharides on Intestinal Epithelial Cells 372.5.3.2 An Indirect Effect of Oligosaccharides on Immune Cells 402.5.4 Microbiota Independent Effects of Oligosaccharides 412.5.4.1 Direct Effect on Intestinal Epithelial Cells 412.5.4.2 Direct Effects on Immune Cells 442.6 Immunomodulatory Effects of Fructooligosaccharides and Galactooligosaccharides 452.6.1 Gastrointestinal Disease 452.6.2 Immune Stimulation 462.6.3 Allergy 482.6.4 Mineral Absorption 482.6.5 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 492.6.6 Cancer 492.6.7 Cholesterol and Triglyceride Reduction 502.7 Conclusion 51Acknowledgment 51References 513 Human Mucosal Organ and Application of Probiotics 61Tanuja Mohanty, Bhanu Pratap Gurjar and Usha Nagarajan3.1 Introduction 623.2 Mode of Action of Probiotics on Human Mucosa 633.2.1 Bifidobacterium 653.2.2 Streptococcus 663.2.3 Lactobacillus 673.3 Application of Probiotics 693.3.1 Probiotics for Gastrointestinal Disorders 703.3.1.1 Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome 703.3.1.2 Colon Cancer 773.3.1.3 Gastric Ulcers 783.3.1.4 Acute Gastroenteritis 783.3.2 Probiotics for Respiratory Disorders 793.3.2.1 Asthma 793.3.2.2 Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury 813.3.2.3 Cystic Fibrosis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 823.3.2.4 Viral Infection (Mainly SARS-CoV-2) 833.3.3 Application of Probiotics on Ageing-Related Mucus Impairment 843.4 Conclusion 85Acknowledgment 85References 864 Prebiotics and Probiotics as Anticancer Therapeutics 95Dixita Chettri, Ashwani Kumar Verma and Anil Kumar VermaAbbreviations 954.1 Introduction 964.2 Prebiotic vs Probiotic 974.2.1 Definition and Difference 994.2.2 Criteria for Use as a Dietary Supplement 994.2.3 Source/Method of Administration 1044.3 Prebiotics and Probiotics Association with Gut Microbiota and Human Health 1044.3.1 Role of the Gut Microbiota in Overall Human Health 1054.3.2 Prebiotic and Probiotic Influence on Gut Microbiome Composition 1074.4 Cancer 1094.4.1 Procarcinogens and Carcinogens 1104.4.2 Types of Cancer 1114.4.2.1 Colorectal Cancer (CRC) 1114.4.2.2 Gastric Cancer 1124.4.2.3 Pancreatic Cancer 1124.4.2.4 Prostate Cancer 1134.4.2.5 Breast Cancer 1144.4.2.6 Skin Cancer 1144.5 Anticancer Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics 1144.5.1 Clinical Evidences 1154.5.1.1 Clinical Evidence for the Anticancer Potential of Probiotics 1154.5.1.2 Clinical Evidences for Anticancer Potential of Prebiotics 1244.5.2 Safety and Quality Control Assurance 1254.6 Conclusion and Future Prospect 127Acknowledgment 127References 1275 Application of Nanotechnology in Formulation of Nutraceuticals 133Pradnya Jadhav, Sakshi Kor and Shadab Ahmed5.1 Introduction 1345.2 Delivery System 1375.2.1 Lipid-Based Delivery System 1385.2.1.1 Nanoemulsions 1385.2.1.2 Nanoliposomes 1395.2.1.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) 1405.2.2 Polysaccharide-Based Delivery System 1415.2.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticle 1425.2.2.2 Polymeric Micelle 1435.2.3 Protein-Based Delivery System 1435.3 Advantages of Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals 1445.4 Why are Nanoparticles or Nanomaterials Used? 1445.5 Applications and Advantages of Nanotechnology to Improve the Specific Quality 1445.6 Challenges Faced During Production of Nutraceuticals Using Nanotechnology 1495.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 152References 1526 Challenges in Development of Prebiotic and Probiotics 161Pradnya Jadhav, Sakshi Kor and Shadab Ahmed6.1 Introduction 1616.1.1 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics 1626.1.1.1 Probiotics 1626.1.1.2 Prebiotics 1636.1.1.3 Synbiotics 1646.1.2 History of Probiotics and Prebiotics 1646.2 Current Use of Probiotics and Prebiotics for Health Benefits 1666.2.1 Prebiotic and Probiotic Health Benefits 1666.2.1.1 Prebiotics Uses in Health Benefits 1666.2.1.2 Probiotics Uses in Health Benefits 1696.2.2 Prebiotics and Probiotics Used in Combinatorial Approach for Health Benefits 1716.2.3 Limitations of Probiotics 1726.3 Development of New Generation of Probiotics/Prebiotics 1736.3.1 Development of New Generation of Probiotics 1736.3.2 New Prebiotics With Improved Effect on GIT Microbiota for Health Benefits 1746.3.3 Improvement in Viability of Probiotics 1746.3.4 Current Trends and Scope for Development 176References 1767 Immunostimulatory Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics 185Tanuja Mohanty, Bhanu Pratap Gurjar, Sudheer BabuYangala and Usha Nagarajan7.1 Introduction 1867.2 Prebiotics 1867.2.1 Galacto-Oligosaccharides (GOS) 1887.2.2 Fructo-Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides 1917.2.3 Raffinose 1927.2.4 Human Milk Oligosaccharides 1927.2.5 Flavanols 1937.2.6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 1947.3 Probiotics 1947.4 Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Immunorelated Diseases 1987.4.1 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 1987.4.2 Respiratory Tract Infections 1997.4.3 Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) 2027.4.4 Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) 2047.4.5 Colorectal Cancer 2057.4.6 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2077.4.7 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) 2087.4.8 Muscle Wasting 2097.5 Conclusion 209Acknowledgment 210References 2108 Bioinformatics and Advanced Research in Gut Microflora 219Arabinda Ghosh, Muddukrishnaiah Kotakonda, VedantVikrom Borah and Nobendu Mukerjee8.1 Introduction 2208.2 Computational and Metagenomic Approaches 2218.3 Antibiotic Resistance Genes Have Been Revealed in the Gut Microbiota of People Across the Globe 2238.4 Microbiota in the Human Intestine 2248.5 Probiotics Modes of Action 2258.6 Exclusion from Competition 2258.7 Bacterial Antagonism 2268.8 Antibacterial Activity 2268.9 Neutralization of Pathogenic Bacteria-Produced Enterotoxins 2268.10 Immune Modulation 2268.11 Adhesion to the Digestive System Wall to Prevent Harmful Bacteria From Colonizing 2278.12 Competing with Pathogenic Bacteria for Nutrients in the Gut 2278.13 Metagenomics in Microbiome and Probiotics Research 2278.14 Microbiome and Probiotics Research Challenges 2298.15 Potential Prebiotic Screening for Promoting Probiotic Health 2308.15.1 Extraction and Characterization of Prebiotics 2308.15.2 Screening Prebiotics for Probiotic Growth Promotion 2318.15.3 Database System for Prebiotic Research 2328.16 Conclusion 232References 2349 Prebiotics and Probiotics in Regulation of Metabolic Disorders 239Manswama Boro, Sushruta Bhadra and Anil Kumar VermaAbbreviations 2409.1 Introduction 2409.2 Probiotics 2419.3 Prebiotics 2459.4 The Role of Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Disorders 2469.4.1 Obesity 2469.4.2 Diabetes 2489.4.3 Liver Disorders 2499.4.4 Cardiometabolic Disorders 2509.5 Effect of Prebiotics on Metabolic Disorders 2519.5.1 Mechanism of Action 2519.5.2 Prebiotics With Other Components 2539.6 Effect of Probiotics on Metabolic Disorders 2569.6.1 Role of Probiotics on Obesity 2599.6.2 Role of Probiotics on Diabetes 2599.6.3 Role of Probiotics on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) 2609.6.4 Role of Probiotics on Acute Liver Injury (ALI) 2629.6.5 Engineering Probiotics for Targeted Therapeutics 2629.7 Conclusion and Future Prospect 263Acknowledgment 264References 26410 Developing Formulations of Prebiotics and Probiotics 271Eknath D. Ahire, Nisha Sharma, Prakash Chandra Gupta, Shubham Khairnar, Khemchand Surana, Bhavana Ahire, Vijayraj Sonawane, Umesh Laddha, Sneh Sonkamble, Rahul Sabale and Sanjay Kshirsagar10.1 Introduction 27210.2 Probiotics 27210.3 Prebiotics 27510.4 Synbiotics 27810.5 Challenges for New Probiotic and Prebiotic-Based Foods 27910.6 Production of Probiotics at a Low Cost 28210.7 Improving Viability of Probiotics 28210.8 Conclusions 284Acknowledgment 285References 28511 Oral Health and Prebiotics 291Khemchand Surana, Eknath D. Ahire, Ritesh Pawar, Ritesh Khairnar, Sunil Mahajan, Sanjay Kshirsagar, Swati G. Talele, Nilima Thombre, Bhavana Ahire and Raj K. Keservani11.1 Introduction 29211.1.1 Prebiotic 29211.1.2 Prebiotic Selection Criteria 29311.1.3 Prebiotics Mechanism of Action 29411.2 Oral Microbiota in Health and Disease 29611.2.1 Functions of Resident Microbiota 29611.2.2 Microbiota Responsible for Oral Diseases 29611.2.3 Is Prebiotics Considered a Feasible Substitute for the Treatment of Oral Diseases? 29711.2.4 Classification of Prebiotic 29811.3 Nitrate as Potential Prebiotic for Oral Health 30511.4 Commercial Product of Prebiotic on Oral Health 30711.5 Future Viewpoint 30711.6 Conclusion 307Acknowledgement 307References 308Index 311