Preadjusted Edgewise Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

About the EditorsFarhad B. Naini is a Consultant Orthodontist, Department of Orthodontics, Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, and St George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. Daljit S. Gill is a Consultant Orthodontist, Department of Orthodontics, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCLH Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK.

• Preface xxiAcknowledgements xxiiiContributorsxxvIntroduction: What is the Preadjusted Edgewise Appliance? xxixFarhad B. Naini and Daljit S. GillWhat Does ‘Edgewise’ Mean xxixWhat Does ‘Preadjusted’ Mean xxxivPreadjusted Edgewise Appliance Components xxxixBracket Design Features xlBracket Positioning xliiiStages of Treatment xlivConclusion xlivReferences xlivPart I Principles 11 Principles of Treatment Planning 3Farhad B. Naini and Daljit S. GillIntroduction 3Patient Concerns 4Patient Motivation and Compliance 4Handling Patient Expectations 4Medical History 6General Dental Health 6Previous Orthodontic Treatment 7Treatment Timing: When Should Treatment be Undertaken? 7Problem List 9Treatment Aims 11Presenting the Treatment Options 14How do we decide whether or not to Extract Teeth? 15Space Analysis and Space Planning 17Informed Consent 21What Should be Included in a Treatment Plan 23Treatment Mechanics 23References 262 Principles of Orthodontic Biomechanics 29Farhad B. Naini and Daljit S. GillIntroduction 29Basic Concepts and Principles 30Newton’s Laws of Motion and Static Equilibrium 38Displacement of Rigid Bodies 39Control of Tooth Movement 41Types of Tooth Movement 44Clinical Applications and Relevance 47Conclusion 54References 553 Anchorage 57Zaid B. Al-BitarIntroduction 57Anchorage Value 59Assessment of Anchorage Need 61Classifications of Anchorage 61Anchorage Control with Fixed Appliances 62Anchorage Creation 73Anchorage Loss 74References 754 Consent 79Gavin J. MackIntroduction 79Types of Consent 80Valid Consent 80Withdrawal of Consent 81Treatment Options 81Key Factors to be Communicated with Patients 82Treatment Benefits 83Treatment Risks 84Effective Communication 88Conclusions 89References 905 Dentolegal Aspects of Orthodontic Treatment 93Alison WilliamsIntroduction 93Advertising 94The Initial Consultation 94Pretreatment Records 97Dentolegal and Ethical Issues that may Arise During Treatment Planning 99Obtaining Consent 100Dentolegal Issues Arising During Active Orthodontic Treatment 102Retention 106Relapse 107Duty of Candour 107Responding to a Complaint 108References 109Part II The Preadjusted Edgewise Appliance 1116 BracketDesign 113Chris D. DonaldsonThe Origins of Fixed Appliance Bracket Design 113Preadjusted Edgewise Straight-wire Appliance 117Straight-wire Appliance: Bracket Prescriptions 121Straight-wire Appliance: Bracket Modifications 129Acknowledgements 135References 1357 Bracket Placement 137Hemendranath V. Shah, Daljit S. Gill, and Farhad B. NainiIntroduction 137Design Features of Preadjusted Edgewise Appliance Brackets 137Direct versus Indirect Bonding 140Direct Bonding Technique 141Indirect Bonding Technique 142Banding Molars and Premolars 143Tips for Bracket Selection in Certain Situations 145References 1468 Bonding in Orthodontics 147Declan MillettHistory 147Bonding Procedure 148Bonding to Artificial Substrates 151Indirect Bonding 151Bonding Adhesives 152Health Risks Associated with Bonding 154Effectiveness of Adhesives 154Debonding 156Bonded Retainers 157Additional Uses of Bonding in Orthodontics 158Future Possibilities of Orthodontic Bonding 158Summary 158Acknowledgements 159Further Reading 159References 1599 Debonding 165Lucy Davenport-JonesIntroduction 165Preparation 166Stainless Steel Brackets 166Ceramic Brackets 166Self-ligating Brackets 168Lingual Appliances and Bite Turbos 168Solvent Use 168Electrothermal Debonding 168Laser Debonding 168Band Removal 169Composite Resin Removal 169Finishing Techniques 169Iatrogenic Damage 171Particulates 171Conclusions 172References 17210 Archwires 175Leila Khamashta-LedezmaIntroduction 175Properties of Archwires 176Archwire Shape and Arch Form 179Archwire Materials 180Aesthetic Archwires 185Fatigue 187Corrosion of Metal Alloys 188Which is the Best Aligning Archwire or Archwire Sequence? 191Pain from Initial Archwires 192Root Resorption from Different Archwires 194Allergy to Nickel 195Acknowledgements 197References 19711 The Use of Auxiliaries in Orthodontics 203Andrew T. DiBiase and Jonathan SandlerIntroduction 203Anchorage and Space Management 203Class II Correction 208Tooth Movement 211Conclusion 217References 21812 Optimising Fixed Appliance Treatment with Orthodontic Mini-implants 219Richard R. J. CousleyIntroduction 219OMI Advantages 220OMI Disadvantages 220Where Does OMI anchorage Come From? 221Anchorage Options: Direct Versus Indirect 223Key Clinical Steps Involved in OMI Usage with Fixed Appliances 226Three-dimensional Anchorage Applications 228References 23113 Care of Fixed Appliances 235Nazan Adali, Daljit S. Gill, and Farhad B. NainiIntroduction 235Before Fixed Appliance Treatment 236During Fixed Appliance Treatment 237After Fixed Appliance Treatment 245Conclusions 245References 245Part III Stages of Treatment with Preadjusted Edgewise Appliances 24714 Alignment and Levelling 249Farhad B. Naini and Daljit S. GillIntroduction 249Anchorage Requirements and Preparation 250Arch Form 255Tooth Movement with Preadjusted Fixed Appliances 256Alignment 257Levelling 293Conclusion 294References 29415 Controlled Space Closure 297Daljit S. Gill and Farhad B. NainiIntroduction 297At Completion of Alignment and Levelling 298Objectives during Space Closure 298Classification of Anchorage 299Types of Space Closure 299Sliding Mechanics with the Preadjusted Edgewise Appliance 300Frictionless Mechanics with the Preadjusted Edgewise Appliance 306Monitoring Space Closure 308Conclusion 309References 30916 Finishing 311Mohammad Owaise Sharif and Stephen M. ChadwickIntroduction 311Aims and Objectives of Orthodontic Treatment 312Common Errors Encountered at the Finishing Stages of Treatment 312Efficient Finishing: the Importance of Diagnosis and Treatment Planning 317Conclusion 318References 31817 Retention 321Simon J. LittlewoodIntroduction 321Historical background 322Aetiology of Post-treatment Changes 323Reducing Relapse During Treatment 324Choice of Retainers 324Fixed Retainers 324Removable Retainers 327Responsibilities in Retention 329Conclusions 329Acknowledgements 329References 329Part IV Management of Malocclusions with Preadjusted Edgewise Appliances 33118 Management of Class II Malocclusions 333Martyn T. Cobourne and Mithran S. GoonewardeneIntroduction 333Management Options 334Growth Modification 336Orthodontic Camouflage 342Orthodontics and Orthognathic Surgery 356References 35619 Management of Class III Malocclusions 359Grant T. McIntyreIntroduction 359Treatment Timing for Class III Malocclusion in Relation to Facial Growth 360Comprehensive, Camouflage or Compromise Treatment for Class III Cases 362Managing the Class III Surgical/Orthodontic Patient with Fixed Appliances 366Class III Malocclusion Occurring with Cleft Lip and/or Palate 370References 37020 Management of Deep Incisor Overbite 371Farhad B. Naini, Daljit S. Gill, and Umberto GaragiolaIntroduction 371Aetiology 372Indications for Treatment 373Considerations in Treatment Planning 374Methods of Overbite Reduction 375Appliances and Techniques for Overbite Reduction 376Stability of Overbite Correction 382Conclusion 384References 38421 Management of Anterior Open Bite 385Chung H. Kau and Tim S. TruloveIntroduction 385Prevalence and Incidence 385Aetiology 385Characteristics 388Clinical Treatment 389Retention and Stability 394Conclusion 394References 39422 Management of the Transverse Dimension 397Lucy Davenport-JonesIntroduction 397Crossbites 398Indications for Maxillary Expansion 398Removable Appliances 399Functional Appliances 400Aligners 400Fixed Appliances 400Mid-Palatal Suture 404Surgical Expansion 409Retention 411References 411Part V Appendices 413Appendix 1 Orthodontic Instruments 415Farhad B. Naini and Daljit S. GillAppendix 2 Orthodontic Elastics and Elastomeric Materials 423Farhad B. Naini and Daljit S. GillIntroduction 423Intraoral Elastic Configurations 423Points of Application 424Instructions for Use of Intraoral Elastics 424Elastomeric Materials 425Index 427

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