Practical Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry

John R. Dean is Professor of Analytical and Environmental Sciences and Head of Subject (Analytical Sciences), in the Department of Applied Sciences, at Northumbria University where he has worked since 1988. He is a Chartered Scientist, Chartered Chemist, Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and Principal Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. His broad and varied research interests include chemical measurement of potentially harmful elements, persistent organic pollutants and nanomaterials in environmental matrices to assess their human health risk assessment as well as analysis of volatile compounds from pathogenic bacteria for disease identification.

• About the Author xiiiPreface xvAcknowledgements xixAcronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols xxiii1 The Analytical Approach 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Essentials of Practical Work 21.3 Health and Safety 31.4 SI Units and Their Use 41.5 Significant Figures 111.6 Calibration and Quantitative Analysis 121.7 Making Notes of Practical Work and Observations 131.8 Data Analysis 141.9 Data Treatment 171.10 Data Quality 181.11 Data Interpretation and Context 211.12 Analytical Terms and Their Definitions 211.13 Summary 262 Sampling and Storage 272.1 Introduction 272.2 Sampling Soil 282.3 Sampling Water 312.4 Sampling Air 322.5 Sample Storage 342.6 Sample Preservation 362.7 Summary 373 Sample Preparation 393.1 Introduction 393.2 Aqueous Samples 403.3 Solid Samples 433.4 Extraction Procedures 513.5 Summary 694 Sample Introduction 754.1 Introduction 754.2 Nebulizers 764.3 Spray Chambers and Desolvation Systems 794.4 Discrete Sample Introduction 834.5 Continuous Sample Introduction 874.6 Hydride and Cold-Vapour Generation Techniques 914.7 Summary 935 The Inductively Coupled Plasma 955.1 Introduction 955.2 Radiofrequency Generators 965.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Formation and Operation 965.4 Processes Within the ICP 1065.5 Signal Processing and Instrument Control 1065.6 Summary 1076 Inductively Coupled Plasma–Atomic Emission Spectrometry 1096.1 Introduction 1106.2 Fundamentals of Spectroscopy 1106.3 Plasma Spectroscopy 1166.4 Spectrometers 1186.5 Detectors 1256.6 Interferences 1306.7 Summary 1317 Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry 1337.1 Introduction 1337.2 Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry 1347.3 Inorganic Mass Spectrometry 1357.4 Mass Spectrometers 1397.5 Detectors 1537.6 Interferences 1567.7 Isotope Dilution Analysis 1657.8 Summary 1768 Inductively Coupled Plasma: Current and Future Developments 1778.1 Introduction 1778.2 Comparison of ICP–AES and ICP–MS 1778.3 Applications 1828.4 Current and Future Developments 1838.5 Useful Resources 1919 Inductively Coupled Plasma: Troubleshooting and Maintenance 2019.1 Introduction 2019.2 Diagnostic Issues 2019.3 Tips to Reduce... 2029.4 Tips to Improve... 2039.5 How To... 2039.6 What to do About... 2049.7 Shut Down Procedure (At the End of the Day) 2049.8 Regular Maintenance Schedule 205The Periodic Table 207SI Units and Physical Constants 209Index 213