Practical Guide to MIMO Radio Channel

Dr Tim Brown, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK is a lecturer in mobile communications at the University of Surrey, UK, where he is conducting research in MIMO as well as teaching courses and seminars that include introducing MIMO as well as other aspects of mobile communications. Dr Persefoni Kyritsi, Aalborg University, Denmark has worked in wireless communications for Lucent Technologies Bell Labs, in wireline communications for Deutsche Telekom, Frankfurt, and in circuit design for Intel Corporation and the Nokia Research Center, Helsinki- Finland. In 2001 she joined Aalborg University as an assistant research professor. From September 2003 until August 2005, she was a visiting researcher at the Department of Mathematics, Stanford University. Since September 2005, she holds the position of Assistant Professor at the Antennas, Propagation and Radio Networking Section at Aalborg UniversityDr Elisabeth De Carvalho, Aalborg University was a post-doc at Stanford University, USA in 1999-2001. In 2001-2005, she worked in 2 start-ups in the USA and France. She also held short-term positions at Deutsche Telekom, and Lucent Technologies, Bell Labs, USA. She has worked on several aspects of wireless communications (GSM, CDMA, OFDM, wireless LANs, IEEE 802.16) and wireline communications (xDSL). In 2005, she joined Aalborg University as an Associate Professor. She has managed a project in collaboration with Samsung Electronics, Korea including 20 researchers and focusing mainly on MIMO and relay communications.

• Preface xi List of Abbreviations xiiiList of Symbols xvii1 Introduction 11.1 From SISO to MISO/ SIMO to MIMO 21.1.1 Single Input Single Output SISO 21.1.2 Single Input Multiple Output, SIMO, and Multiple Input Single Output, MISO 31.1.3 Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO 61.2 What Do We Need MIMO For? 71.2.1 The Single User Perspective 81.2.2 The Multiple User Perspective 81.3 How Does MIMO Work? Two Analogies 101.3.1 The Single User Perspective 101.3.2 The Multiple User Perspective 121.4 Conditions for MIMO to Work 131.5 How Long Has MIMO Been Around? 141.6 Where is MIMO Being Used? 151.7 Purpose of the Book 162 Capacity of MIMO Channels 172.1 Some Background on Digital Communication Systems 182.1.1 Generation of Digital Signals 182.1.2 Conversion/Formatting for Transmission 192.1.3 Complex Baseband Representation 192.1.4 Decoder 192.2 Notion of Capacity 202.2.1 Abstract Communication System 202.2.2 Definition of Capacity 222.2.3 Capacity Achieving Transceivers 232.3 Channel State Information and Fading 242.3.1 Fast and Slow Fading 242.3.2 Channel State Information 262.4 Narrowband MIMO Model 272.5 Capacity of the Time-Invariant Channel 282.5.1 Capacity of the Time-Invariant SISO Channel 292.5.2 Time-Invariant SIMO Channel 302.5.3 Time-Invariant MISO Channel 322.5.4 Time-Invariant MIMO Channel: A Set of Parallel Independent AWGN Channels 342.5.5 Maximal Achievable Rate for Fixed Input Covariance Matrix 432.6 Fast Fading Channels with CSIT Distribution: Ergodic Capacity 462.6.1 Ergodic Capacity: Basic Principles 472.6.2 Fast Fading SISO Channel with CSIT Distribution 472.6.3 Fast Fading SIMO Channel with CSIT Distribution 482.6.4 Fast Fading MISO Channel with CSIT Distribution 492.6.5 Fast Fading MIMO Channels with CSIT Distribution 492.7 Slow Fading Channel with CSIT Distribution: Outage Probability and Capacity with Outage 542.7.1 Outage: Basic Principles 552.7.2 Diversity to Improve Communication Reliability 572.7.3 Slow Fading SISO Channels with CSIT Distribution 582.7.4 Slow Fading SIMO Channel with CSIT Distribution: Receive Diversity 602.7.5 Slow Fading MISO Channel with CSIT Distribution: Transmit Diversity 602.7.6 Slow Fading MIMO Channel with CSIT Distribution 622.8 Chapter Summary Tables 672.9 Further Reading 733 MIMO Transceivers 753.1 MIMO Receivers 763.1.1 General MIMO Architecture 763.1.2 Maximum Likelihood Receiver 783.1.3 Classes of Receivers Considered in the Chapter 783.1.4 Spatial Matched Filtering 803.1.5 Zero Forcing Receiver 863.1.6 MMSE Receiver 923.1.7 SIC Receiver and V-Blast 973.1.8 Performance 1033.2 Transceivers with CSI at Transmitter and Receiver: Transmit and Receive Beamforming 1083.2.1 Principle of Beamforming 1083.2.2 Multiple Transmit and Receive Beams 1093.2.3 Transmit Beamforming (MISO System) 1113.2.4 Receive Beamforming (SIMO) 1123.2.5 Single Beam MIMO: Maximal Eigenmode Beamforming 1133.2.6 Eigenmode Transmission 1143.2.7 Performance of Beamforming Schemes 1183.3 Space–Time Block Codes 1223.3.1 Orthogonal Design for a 2 × 1 MISO System: Alamouti STBC 1233.3.2 STBC for More than Two Transmit Antennas 1283.4 D-Blast 1333.4.1 Diagonal Encoding 1333.4.2 Diagonal Decoding 1343.4.3 D-Blast: Outage Optimal 1353.4.4 Performance Gains 1353.4.5 Error Propagation 1363.4.6 Numerical Evaluations: Comparison of D-Blast with STBC 1363.5 Chapter Summary Tables 1383.6 Further Reading 1434 MIMO Channel Models 1454.1 SISO Models and Channel Fundamentals 1464.1.1 Models for the Prediction of the Power 1464.1.2 Models for the Prediction of the Temporal Variation of the Channel 1524.1.3 Narrowband and Wideband Channels 1604.1.4 Polarisation 1664.1.5 Summary of Parameters Required for SISO Channel Modelling 1674.2 Challenges in MIMO Channel Modelling 1674.2.1 Deterministic Models 1694.2.2 Stochastic Models 1714.3 Summary 1905 MIMO Antenna Design 1935.1 Antenna Element Fundamentals 1945.1.1 Isotropic Radiator 1945.1.2 Directivity and Gain 1955.1.3 Far Field and Rayleigh Distance 1965.1.4 Three Dimensional Antenna Patterns 1975.1.5 Impedance and Return Loss 1985.1.6 Reciprocity 1995.1.7 Antenna Polarisation 1995.1.8 Mean Effective Gain 2025.2 Single Antenna Design 2055.3 Designing Array Antennas for MIMO 2075.3.1 Spatial Correlation 2075.3.2 Angular and Polarised Correlation 2095.3.3 Impact of Nonuniform Angles of Arrival 2115.4 Impact of Antenna Design on the MIMO Radio Channel 2125.5 Evaluating Antenna Impact on the MIMO Channel 2175.5.1 A Crude Evaluation of the Impact of Antennas on MIMO Channel Capacity 2175.5.2 Advanced Techniques to Evaluate MIMO Antenna Performance 2195.6 Challenges in Compact MIMO Antenna Design and Examples 2215.7 Summary 2235.7.1 Antenna Fundamentals 2235.7.2 Designing Antenna Arrays 2235.7.3 Practical Antennas for MIMO 2236 MIMO in Current and Future Standards 2256.1 Wireless Channel Modelling in Standards 2256.2 Current Wireless Standards Employing MIMO and the Corresponding Channel Models 2286.2.1 IEEE 802.11n 2286.2.2 IEEE 802.16–WiMAX 2316.2.3 3GPP-LTE 2356.2.4 Comparison of the IEEE 802.11n, WiMAX and 3GPP Models 2386.3 MIMO in Other Areas 2406.3.1 MIMO for DVB-T2 2406.3.2 MIMO in the HF Band 2416.3.3 MIMO for Satellite Communications 2426.3.4 Ultrawideband MIMO 2426.3.5 MIMO for On-body Communications 2436.3.6 MIMO for Vehicular Communications 2446.3.7 MIMO in Small Cellular Environments 2446.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Wireless Systems 245Appendix: Some Useful Definitions 247Bibliography 251Index 257

Select Guide Rating