Practical Approach to Special Care in Dentistry

Pedro Diz Dios is Professor, Consultant, and Head of the Special Needs Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela & Galician Health Services (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.Navdeep Kumar is Divisional Clinical Director at the Royal National ENT & Eastman Dental Hospitals, Consultant in Special Care Dentistry at University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Honorary Senior Lecturer at University College London, UK.

• About the Authors ixList of Contributors xPreface xiii 1 Physical Disability 11.1 Cerebral Palsy 11.2 Epilepsy 81.3 Muscular Dystrophy 172 Cognitive Impairment 242.1 Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 242.2 Autism Spectrum Disorders 312.3 Down Syndrome 383 Sensory Impairment 473.1 Visual Deficit 473.2 Auditory Deficit 544 Infectious Diseases 614.1 Tuberculosis 614.2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection/AIDS 684.3 Viral Hepatitis 775 Endocrine Diseases 855.1 Diabetes Mellitus 855.2 Hypothyroidism 945.3 Hyperthyroidism 1016 Hepatorenal Diseases 1086.1 Hepatic Cirrhosis 1086.2 Chronic Kidney Disease (Dialysis) 1157 Bone Diseases 1257.1 Osteoporosis 1257.2 Paget Disease 1327.3 Rheumatoid Arthritis 1378 Cardiovascular Diseases 1468.1 Arterial Hypertension 1468.2 Angina Pectoris 1568.3 History of Myocardial Infarction 1648.4 Carrier of Coronary Pacemaker 1728.5 Carrier of Valvular Prosthesis 1818.6 Carrier of Coronary Stent 1909 Respiratory Disease 1969.1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 1969.2 Asthma 20510 Bleeding Disorders 21610.1 Haemophilia 21610.2 Treatment with Heparin 22910.3 Treatment with Warfarin (Acenocoumarol) 23810.4 Treatment with Direct Oral Anticoagulants 24710.5 Treatment with Antiplatelets 25411 Blood Dyscrasias 26311.1 Thalassaemia 26311.2 Sickle Cell Anaemia 27111.3 Neutropenia 27911.4 Thrombocytopenia 28611.5 Leukaemias 29311.6 Lymphoma 30411.7 Bone Marrow Transplantation 31412 Immunosuppression 32312.1 Systemic Corticosteroids 32312.2 Antineoplastic Agents (Chemotherapy) 33212.3 Immunosuppressants (Solid Organ Transplantation) 34613 Head and Neck Cancer 35813.1 Surgery 35813.2 Radiation Therapy 36613.3 Oral Cancer Survivor 37414 Neurological Disorders and Strokes 38214.1 Alzheimer Disease 38214.2 Parkinson Disease 39114.3 Multiple Sclerosis 40014.4 Motor Neuron Disease 40914.5 Stroke 41815 Psychiatric Disorders 42815.1 Anxiety and Phobia 42815.2 Depression 43915.3 Schizophrenia 44815.4 Recreational Drug Use 45715.5 Alcoholism 46816 Other Special Considerations 47716.1 Allergies 47716.2 Antiresorptive and Antiangiogenic Drugs 48616.3 Pregnancy and Breastfeeding 49716.4 Bariatric Patients 50416.5 Homelessness 51316.6 End of Life 521Appendix 529Appendix A Case Mix Model 529Appendix B Common Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases 530Appendix C American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Classification System 533Appendix D Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 534Appendix E WHO Three- step Ladder for Pain Relief 535Appendix F Medical Conditions Associated with Increased Bleeding Risk 536Appendix G Classes of Drugs Associated with Increased Bleeding Risk 537Appendix H Bleeding Risk Associated with Dental Procedures 538Appendix I Topical Haemostatic Agents for Invasive Dental Procedures 539Index 541

"In summary, A Practical Approach to Special Care in Dentistry is an outstanding resource for those who dedicate their time to learn about and treat the growing population of persons with special care needs." - Leo Marchini, Oral Diseases, June 2022