Power System Protection

PAUL M. ANDERSON, PhD, (deceased) served as a professor of engineering at Iowa State University, Arizona State University, and as a visiting professor at Washington State University. He also founded consulting firm Power Math Associates, and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2009. Dr. Anderson passed away in 2011. CHARLES F. HENVILLE is the President and Principal Engineer of Henville Consulting, Inc. He is a Fellow of the IEEE Power and Energy Systems Society, and past Chairman of the Power Systems Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy Systems Society. RASHEEK RIFAAT is a Technical Director, Electrical with more than 40 years of Canadian and overseas experience with various projects, ranging from installation of control panels and 600 V MCCs for material handling systems to large 800 MW thermal generating stations. BRIAN JOHNSON, PhD, is a University Distinguished Professor of Electrical Engineering and Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Endowed Chair in Power Engineering. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and an Individual Member of CIGRE. SAKIS MELIOPOULOS, PhD, is a Distinguished Professor at Georgia Tech. He is the co-inventor of the Smart Ground Multimeter and the Macrodyne PMU-based Harmonic Measurement System for transmission networks.

• Author Biographies xxvPreface to the Second Edition xxviiList of Symbols xxixPart I Protective Devices and Controls 11 Introduction 31.1 Power System Protection 31.2 Prevention and Control of System Failure 31.3 Protective System Design Considerations 81.4 Definitions Used in System Protection 91.5 System Disturbances 111.6 Book Contents 12Problems 14References 152 Protection Measurements and Controls 172.1 Graphic Symbols and Device Identification 172.2 Typical Relay Connections 192.3 Circuit Breaker Control Circuits 222.4 Instrument Transformers 232.5 Relay Control Configurations 372.6 Optical Communications 38Problems 42References 443 Protective Device Characteristics 473.1 Introduction 473.2 Fuse Characteristics 483.3 Relay Characteristics 613.4 Power Circuit Breakers 873.5 Automatic Circuit Reclosers 933.6 Automatic Line Sectionalizers 983.7 Circuit Switchers 1003.8 Digital Fault Recorders 101Problems 103References 1034 Relay Logic 1094.1 Introduction 1094.2 Electromechanical Relay Logic 1104.3 Electronic Logic Circuits 1114.4 Analog Relay Logic 1254.5 Digital Relay Logic 1284.6 Hybrid Relay Logic 1394.7 Relays as Comparators 140Problems 153References 1575 System Characteristics 1635.1 Power System Faults 1635.2 Station Arrangements 1765.3 Overhead Line Impedances 1825.4 Computation of Available Fault Current 1845.5 System Equivalent for Protection Studies 1885.6 The Compensation Theorem 2025.7 Compensation Applications in Fault Studies 205Problems 210References 214Part II Protection Concepts 2156 Fault Protection of Radial Lines 2176.1 Radial Distribution Systems 2176.2 Radial Distribution Coordination 2196.3 Radial Line Fault Current Calculations 2226.4 Radial System Protective Strategy 2336.5 Coordination of Protective Devices 2366.6 Relay Coordination on Radial Lines 2416.7 Coordinating Protective Devices Measuring Different Parameters 258Problems 269References 2767 Introduction to Transmission Protection 2777.1 Introduction 2777.2 Protection with Overcurrent Relays 2787.3 Distance Protection of Lines 2857.4 Unit Protection 2997.5 Ground Fault Protection 3017.6 Summary 310Problems 311References 3158 Complex Loci in the Z and Y Planes 3178.1 The Inverse Z Transformation 3178.2 Line and Circle Mapping 3208.3 The Complex Equation of a Line 3278.4 The Complex Equation of a Circle 3288.5 Inversion of an Arbitrary Admittance 3308.6 Inversion of a Straight Line Through (1, 0) 3338.7 Inversion of an Arbitrary Straight Line 3358.8 Inversion of a Circle with Center at (1, 0) 3368.9 Inversion of an Arbitrary Circle 3388.10 Summary of Line and Circle Inversions 3408.11 Angle Preservation in Conformal Mapping 3418.12 Orthogonal Trajectories 3428.13 Impedance at the Relay 346Problems 348References 3509 Impedance at the Relay 3519.1 The Relay Apparent Impedance, ZR 3519.2 Protection Equivalent M Parameters 3539.3 The Circle Loci Z = P/(1±YK) 3569.4 ZR Loci Construction 3579.5 Relay Apparent Impedance 3639.6 Relay Impedance for a Special Case 3719.7 Construction of M Circles 3759.8 Phase Comparison Apparent Impedance 378Problems 384References 38810 Admittance at the Relay 39110.1 Admittance Diagrams 39110.2 Input Admittance Loci 39210.3 The Relay Admittance Characteristic 39510.4 Parallel Transmission Lines 40010.5 Typical Admittance Plane Characteristics 40410.6 Summary of Admittance Characteristics 407Problems 408Reference 411Part III Transmission Protection 41311 Analysis of Distance Protection 41511.1 Introduction 41511.2 Analysis of Transmission Line Faults 41511.3 Impedance at the Relay 42911.4 Distance Relay Settings 43911.5 Ground Distance Protection 44711.6 Distance Relay Coordination 449Problems 452References 45412 Transmission Line Mutual Induction 45712.1 Introduction 45712.2 Line Impedances 45812.3 Effect of Mutual Coupling 46912.4 Short Transmission Line Equivalents 47612.5 Long Transmission Lines 48412.6 Long Transmission Line Equivalents 49312.7 Solution of the Long-line Case 501Problems 504References 50713 Pilot Protection Systems 50913.1 Introduction 51013.2 Physical Systems for Pilot Protection 51213.3 Non-unit Pilot Protection Schemes 52313.4 Unit Protection Pilot Schemes 53613.5 An Example of EHV Line Protection 54813.6 Pilot Protection Settings 55413.7 Traveling Wave Relays 56113.8 Monitoring of Pilot Performance 567Problems 567References 56914 Complex Transmission Protection 57314.1 Introduction 57314.2 Single-phase Switching of Extra-high-voltage Lines 57314.3 Protection of Multiterminal Lines 58114.4 Protection of Mutually Coupled Lines 590Problems 613References 61715 Series Compensated Line Protection 61915.1 Introduction 61915.2 Faults with Unbypassed Series Capacitors 62115.3 Series Capacitor Bank Protection 63415.4 Relay Problems Due to Compensation 65315.5 Protection of Series Compensated Lines 67415.6 Line Protection Experience 678Problems 680References 683Part IV Apparatus Protection 68516 Bus Protection 68716.1 Introduction 68716.2 Bus Configurations and Faults 68816.3 Bus Protection Requirements 68916.4 Bus Protection by Backup Line Relays 69116.5 Bus Differential Protection 69216.6 Other Types of Bus Protection 70816.7 Auxiliary Tripping Relays 71616.8 Summary 717Problems 717References 71917 Transformer and Reactor Protection 72117.1 Introduction 72117.2 Transformer Faults 72217.3 Magnetizing Inrush 72917.4 Protection Against Incipient Faults 73217.5 Protection Against Active Faults 73517.6 Combined Line and Transformer Schemes 74817.7 Regulating Transformer Protection 75017.8 Shunt Reactor Protection 75217.9 Static Var Compensator Protection 755Problems 759References 76118 Generator Protection 76318.1 Introduction 76318.2 Generator System Configurations and Types of Protection 76418.3 Stator Protection 76618.4 Rotor Protection 78118.5 Loss of Excitation Protection 78518.6 Other Generator Protection Systems 78918.7 Summary of Generator Protection 794Problems 800References 80319 Motor Protection 80519.1 Introduction 80519.2 Induction Motor Analysis 80619.3 Induction Motor Heating 82419.4 Motor Problems 83719.5 Classifications of Motors 84319.6 Stator Protection 84519.7 Rotor Protection 85119.8 Other Motor Protections 85219.9 Summary of Large Motor Protections 853Problems 854References 858Part V System Aspects of Protection 86120 Protection Against Abnormal System Frequency 86320.1 Abnormal Frequency Operation 86320.2 Effects of Frequency on the Generator 86420.3 Frequency Effects on the Turbine 86620.4 A System Frequency Response Model 86920.5 Off Normal Frequency Protection 88620.6 Steam Turbine Frequency Protection 88720.7 Underfrequency Protection 889Problems 903References 90521 Protective Schemes for Stability Enhancement 90921.1 Introduction 90921.2 Review of Stability Fundamentals 90921.3 System Transient Behavior 91821.4 Automatic Reclosing 92921.5 Loss of Synchronism Protection 94921.6 Voltage Stability and Voltage Collapse 95721.7 System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS) 96021.8 Summary 968Problems 968References 97022 Line Commutated Converter HVDC Protection 97322.1 Introduction 97322.2 LCC Dc Conversion Fundamentals 97422.3 Converter Station Design 99222.4 Ac Side Protection 99922.5 Dc Side Protection Overview 100222.6 Special HVDC Protections 101222.7 HVDC Protection Settings 101522.8 Summary 1016Problems 1016References 101823 Voltage Source Converter HVDC Protection 102123.1 Introduction 102123.2 VSC HVDC Fundamentals 102223.3 Converter Control Systems 102823.4 HVDC Response to Ac System Faults 103023.5 Ac System Protection 103123.6 Dc Faults 103523.7 Multiterminal Systems 103723.8 Hybrid LCC–VSC Systems 103723.9 Summary 1038Problems 1038References 103924 Protection of Independent Power Producer Interconnections 104124.1 Introduction 104124.2 Renewable Resources 104224.3 Transmission Interconnections 104224.4 Distribution Interconnections 105324.5 Summary 1060Problems 1061References 106125 SSR and SSCI Protection 106325.1 Introduction 106325.2 SSR Overview 106325.3 SSR and SSCI System Countermeasures 107325.4 SSR Source Countermeasures 107925.5 Summary 1093Problems 1093References 1095Part VI Reliability of Protective Systems 110126 Basic Reliability Concepts 110326.1 Introduction 110326.2 Probability Fundamentals 110326.3 Random Variables 111026.4 Failure Definitions and Failure Modes 112726.5 Reliability Models 1129Problems 1141References 114327 Reliability Analysis 114527.1 Reliability Block Diagrams 114527.2 Fault Trees 115427.3 Reliability Evaluation 116627.4 Other Analytical Methods 117427.5 State Space and Markov Processes 1182Problems 1190References 119528 Reliability Concepts in System Protection 119728.1 Introduction 119728.2 System Disturbance Models 119728.3 Time-Independent Reliability Models 120828.4 Time-Dependent Reliability Models 1246Problems 1256References 125929 Fault Tree Analysis of Protective Systems 126129.1 Introduction 126129.2 Fault Tree Analysis 126229.3 Analysis of Transmission Protection 127329.4 Fault Tree Evaluation 1297Problems 1306References 131030 Markov Modeling of Protective Systems 131130.1 Introduction 131130.2 Testing of Protective Systems 131230.3 Modeling of Inspected Systems 131730.4 Monitoring and Self-testing 133130.5 The Unreadiness Probability 133730.6 Protection Abnormal Unavailability 134130.7 Evaluation of Safeguard Systems 1350References 1356Appendix A Protection Terminology 1359A.1 Protection Terms and Definitions 1359A.2 Relay Terms and Definitions 1361A.3 Classification of Relay Systems 1363A.4 Circuit Breaker Terms and Definitions 1366References 1368Appendix B Protective Device Classification 1371B.1 Device Function Numbers 1371B.2 Devices Performing More than One Function 1371B.2.1 Suffix Numbers 1373B.2.2 Suffix Letters 1373B.2.3 Representation of Device Contacts on Electrical Diagrams 1374Appendix C Overhead Line Impedances 1375References 1387Appendix D Transformer Data 1389Appendix E 500 kV Transmission Line Data 1393E.1 Tower Design 1393E.2 Unit Length Electrical Characteristics 1393E.3 Total Line Impedance and Admittance 1394E.4 Nominal Pi 1395E.5 ABCD Parameters 1395E.6 Equivalent Pi 1395E.7 Surge Impedance Loading 1397E.8 Normalization 1399E.9 Line Ratings and Operating Limits 1399References 1400Index 1401