Michael Ezekiel Gasper is Assistant Professor of History at Yale University.

• Contents Acknowledgmentsxxxx Note on Transliterationxxxx Introduction, 1 1. The Formation and the Emergence of the Peasant Question, 000 2. People, Peasants, and Intellectuals, 000 3. Five Peasant Characters in Search of Bourgeois Identity or Afandis in Gallabiyas, 000 CHAPTER 4 Scientific agriculture: Cultivators, Agriculturalists or Peasants? CHAPTER 5 The New Peasant, Colonial Identity and the Modern State CONCLUSION Notes, 000 Bibliography, 000] Index, 000

"Gasper extends the range of subjects embraced in effendi-centered studies. He covers a neglected corner of the literature by gathering a diverse range of references to peasants into a narrative that shows the ways that effendis spoke about, as, and in place of peasants . . . The book's chief value lies in its collection of effendi references to peasants and their agricultural work. Some of this writing was quite colorful; Gasper's treatment of effendi impersonations of peasant voices is particularly engaging. Another valuable part of this book is Gasper's reflections on vocabulary change."—Will Hanley, Journal of World History "Gasper's scholarly achievement should be recognized. No study of Egyptian nationalism, identity formation and the press can afford to ignore this book, and Gasper's thesis is serious and deserves much discussion."—John Chalcraft, American Historical Review "Gasper's work makes a surprisingly novel contribution to the development of an Egyptian 'national' consciousness in the late 19th century. Demonstrating how members of the educated class defined an Egyptian identity, Gasper's approach also pays significant attention to the emerging role Islam begins to play. It is both a skillful and original work of historical revisionism."—Roger Owen, Harvard University "In this nuanced study, Gasper uniquely situates his research in the broader context of Egyptian political discourse and shows, in great detail, how representations of the peasantry were central to emerging forms ofnationalism and identity. This book offers the most authoritative, focused research available."—Nathan J. Brown, The George Washington University