Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Grid

Bimal K. Bose is currently emeritus professor of Electrical Engineering at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He was Condra Chair of Excellence in Power Electronics at UTK during 1987-2003 where he was responsible for organizing the teaching and research program in power electronics. He was also the Distinguished Scientist and Chief Scientist of EPRI Power Electronics Applications Center, Knoxville. He has been awarded seven times by the IEEE and is a member of the US National Academy of Engineering. He has authored/edited eight books in power electronics and holds 21 U.S. Patents.

• Preface xiiiAbout the editor xixAbout the contributors xxiList of abbreviations xxxiiiChapter 1 Energy, Environment, Power Electronics, Renewable Energy Systems, and Smart Grid 1Bimal K. Bose and Fei (Fred) Wang1.1 Introduction 11.2 Energy 11.3 Environment 41.3.1 Environmental Pollution by Fossil Fuels 41.3.2 Climate Change or Global Warming Problems 71.3.3 Several Beneficial Effects of Climate Change 111.3.4 The Kyoto Protocol and Carbon Emission Control 121.3.5 How Can We Solve or Mitigate Climate Change Problems? 131.4 Power Electronics 141.4.1 The Role of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems and Grids 141.4.2 Fundamentals of Power Electronics 161.4.3 Power Electronics Applications 351.5 Renewable Energy Systems 481.5.1 Wind Energy Systems 501.5.2 PV Systems 521.5.3 Grid Energy Storage 531.6 Smart Grid 541.6.1 FACTS Technologies 541.6.2 HVDC Technologies 601.6.3 DC Grid and Supergrid 661.6.4 Power Electronics for Distribution Grids 731.7 Summary and Future Trends 76Acknowledgments 78References 78Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Devices for Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Systems 85Alex Q. Huang2.1 Introduction 852.2 Power Semiconductor Device Operation in Power Converters 872.2.1 Commercially Available Power Semiconductor Devices 872.2.2 Modern Power Semiconductor Device Characteristics 902.3 State‐of‐the‐Art Power Semiconductors: A Comparison 1012.3.1 Voltage Rating 1022.3.2 Current Rating 1032.3.3 Switching Frequency 1082.3.4 Maximum Junction Temperature 1142.4 Recent Innovations in SI Power Devices 1172.4.1 Silicon Superjunction (SJ) MOSFET 1172.4.2 Thin Wafer Field Stop IGBT (FS‐IGBT) 1192.4.3 Reverse Conducting IGBT (RC‐IGBT) 1232.4.4 Reverse Blocking IGBT 1242.4.5 Integrated‐Gate‐Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) 1242.5 Recent Innovations in WBG Power Devices 1272.5.1 SiC and GaN Diodes 1282.5.2 SiC MOSFET 1312.5.3 Ultra High‐Voltage SiC Power Devices 1352.5.4 GaN Heterojunction Field Effect Transistor 1372.6 Smart Grid and Renewable Energy System Applications 1382.7 Conclusions 144References 144Chapter 3 Multilevel Converters – Configuration of Circuits and Systems 153Hirofumi Akagi3.1 Introduction 1533.1.1 Historical Review of Multilevel Converters 1533.1.2 Overview of Chapter 3 1553.2 Multilevel NPC and NPP Inverters 1553.2.1 Circuits of Three‐Level NPC and NPP Inverters 1553.2.2 Principles of the Three‐Level NPC and NPP Inverters 1563.2.3 Comparisons Between the Three‐Level NPC and NPP Inverters 1583.2.4 Five‐Level NPC Inverters 1603.3 Multilevel FLC Inverters and Hybrid FLC Inverters 1613.3.1 Circuits of the Three‐Level and Four‐Level FLC Inverters 1613.3.2 Principles of the Three‐Level FLC Inverter 1623.3.3 Hybrid Four‐Level and Five‐Level FLC Inverters 1623.4 Modular Multilevel Cascade Converters 1643.4.1 Terminological Issue and Solution 1643.4.2 Circuits and Individualities of Six Family Members 1673.4.3 Topological Discussion on the DSBC and DSCC Converters 1683.4.4 Comparisons among the Six MMCC Family Members 1693.4.5 Circulating Current 1703.5 Practical Applications of SSBC Inverters to Medium‐Voltage Motor Drives 1713.6 Hierarchical Control of an SSBC‐Based STATCOM 1733.6.1 Background and Motivation 1733.6.2 Hierarchical Control 1743.7 A Downscaled SSBC‐Based STATCOM With Phase‐Shifted‐Carrier PWM 1763.7.1 System Configuration 1773.7.2 Control Technique 1793.7.3 Experimental Waveforms 1813.8 Circulating Currents in DSCC Converters 1833.8.1 Circulating Current in a Cycloconverter 1843.8.2 Circulating Current in a Single‐Leg DSCC Inverter 1853.8.3 Similarity and Difference in Circulating Current 1863.9 A Downscaled DSCC‐Based BTB System 1873.9.1 Circuit Configuration 1873.9.2 Operating Performance under Transient States 1893.10 Practical Applications of DSCC Converters to Grid Connections 1923.11 Applications of DSCC and TSBC Converters to Motor Drives 1933.11.1 DSCC‐based Motor Drive Systems 1933.11.2 Experimental Motor Drives Using a DSCC Inverter and a TSBC Converter 1953.11.3 Comparisons in Start‐up Performance when the 50 Hz Induction Motor was Driven 1983.11.4 Operation of the DSCC‐Driven 50 Hz Motor and the TSBC‐Driven 38 Hz Motor at the Rated Frequency and Torque 2023.11.5 Four‐Quadrant Operation of the TSBC‐driven 38 Hz Motor at No Load Torque 2043.11.6 Discussion of the Two Motor Drives 2043.12 Distributed Dynamic Braking of a DSCC‐FED Induction Motor Drive 2043.12.1 Background and Motivation 2063.12.2 Circuit and System Configurations 2063.12.3 Experimental Verification 2103.13 Practical Applications of DSCC Inverters to Medium‐Voltage Motor Drives 2123.14 Future Scenarios and Conclusion 213References 214Chapter 4 Multilevel Converters – Control and Operation in Industrial Systems 219Jose I. Leon, Sergio Vazquez and Leopoldo G. Franquelo4.1 Introduction 2194.2 Summary of Multilevel Converter Topologies 2214.3 Control Structure of Multilevel Power Converters 2234.3.1 The Outer Control Loop (Stage 1) 2254.3.2 The Inner Control Loop (Stage 2) 2254.3.3 The Zero‐Sequence Injection (Stage 3) 2264.3.4 The In‐phase Balancing Strategy (Stage 3) 2274.4 Modulation Methods for Multilevel Power Converters (Stage 4) 2274.4.1 Carrier‐Based Modulation Techniques 2284.4.2 Space‐vector Based Modulation Methods 2424.4.3 Pseudo‐Modulation Techniques and Control Methods with Implicit Modulator 2434.5 Applications of Multilevel Power Converters 2454.5.1 Grid‐connected Multilevel Converters for the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 2454.5.2 Power Quality Applications 2484.5.3 Motor Drive Applications 2504.5.4 HVDC Transmission Systems 2514.6 Additional Practical Challenges of Multilevel Converters 2574.7 Future Perspective of Multilevel Converters and Conclusions 258References 259Chapter 5 Flexible Transmission and Resilient Distribution Systems Enabled by Power Electronics 271Fang Z. Peng and Jin Wang5.1 Introduction 2715.2 FACTS Configurations in the Smart Grid 2795.2.1 Shunt Compensation 2815.2.2 Series Compensation 2845.2.3 Shunt‐Series Configuration 2855.2.4 Back‐to‐Back Configuration 2865.3 RACDS Configurations in the Smart Grid 2875.3.1 RACDS: Microgrids 2875.3.2 RACDS: Controllable Distribution Network 2895.3.3 RACDS: Meshed Distribution Systems 2905.4 Evolution of FACTS and RACDS 2915.4.1 Traditional FACTS and RACDS 2915.4.2 Modern FACTS and RACDS 2935.5 FACTS and RACDS Installations 2985.5.1 Traditional FACTS Installations 2985.5.2 Modern FACTS Installations 2995.5.3 RACDS Installations 3015.6 Future Perspectives 3015.6.1 Transformerless Unified Power Flow Controller 3015.6.2 Compact Dynamic Phase‐Angle Regulator 3035.6.3 Distributed FACTS 3035.6.4 Power Regulator for Parallel Feeders 3055.6.5 High Power Density CMIs 3075.7 Conclusion 309Acknowledgments 310References 310Chapter 6 Renewable Energy Systems with Wind Power 315Frede Blaabjerg and Ke Ma6.1 Overview of Wind Power Generation and Power Electronics 3156.2 Technology Challenges and Driving Forces in this Field 3186.2.1 Low Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) 3186.2.2 Complex Mission Profiles 3206.2.3 Strict Grid Codes 3226.2.4 Increasing Reliability Requirements 3256.3 Wind Turbine Concepts and Power Electronics Converters 3266.3.1 Wind Turbine Concepts 3266.3.2 Power Electronics Converters in Wind Power Applications 3286.4 Control of Wind Turbine Systems 3336.5 Power Electronics for Multiple Wind Turbines and Wind Farms 3366.6 Conclusion 340References 341Chapter 7 Photovoltaic Energy Systems 347Mariusz Malinowski, Jose I. Leon and Haitham Abu‐Rub7.1 Introduction 3477.2 Thermal and PV Solar Energy Systems 3517.3 The Solar Cell 3547.4 Solar PV System Costs 3577.4.1 Incentives for More Investments in PV Systems 3617.5 General Scheme for a Solar PV System 3627.6 Grid‐Connected PV Systems 3637.6.1 Utility‐scale PV Power Plants 3647.6.2 Residential and Industrial PV Applications 3667.6.3 Low‐power PV Systems 3717.7 Control of Grid‐Connected PV Systems 3727.8 Stand‐Alone PV Systems 3747.9 Energy Storage Systems for PV Applications 3797.10 Operational Issues for PV Systems 3817.11 Conclusions 385References 386Chapter 8 Ocean and Geothermal Renewable Energy Systems 391Annette von Jouanne and Ted K.A. Brekken8.1 Introduction 3918.2 Wave Energy 3928.2.1 Resource Characteristics 3928.2.2 Wave Energy Conversion Technologies and Resource Characterization 3948.2.3 Power Electronics and Control 3978.2.4 Autonomous Applications 4018.2.5 Cost 4038.2.6 Rotating Machines in Marine Energy Converters 4058.2.7 Unique Testing Opportunity for Wave Energy Converters 4068.3 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 4118.3.1 Resource Characteristics 4128.3.2 OTEC Technologies 4138.3.3 Open‐cycle OTEC 4148.3.4 Closed‐cycle OTEC 4158.3.5 OTEC Generator Grid Interface 4158.3.6 Cost 4168.4 Tidal and Ocean Currents 4178.4.1 Resource Characteristics 4188.4.2 Tidal Barrage, Tidal Current, and Ocean Current Technologies 4208.4.3 Power Electronics and Grid Interface 4228.4.4 Cost 4258.5 Geothermal Energy Systems 4268.5.1 Resource Characteristics 4288.5.2 Geothermal Power Plant Technologies 4298.5.3 Dry Steam 4318.5.4 Flash Steam 4318.5.5 Binary Cycle 4328.5.6 Geothermal Generator Grid Interface 4328.5.7 Cost 4338.6 Conclusion 434Acknowledgment 435References 435Chapter 9 Fuel Cells and Their Applications in Energy Systems 443Jih‐Sheng (Jason) Lai and Michael W. Ellis9.1 Introduction 4439.2 Different Fuel Cell Technologies 4469.2.1 Low‐temperature Fuel Cells 4479.2.2 High‐temperature Fuel Cells 4539.3 Fuel Cell Applications 4579.3.1 Transportation Applications 4579.3.2 Stationary Power Generation Applications 4609.4 Electrical Characteristics 4629.4.1 Steady‐state Operation 4629.4.2 Dynamic Operation 4659.4.3 Dynamic Operation with a Paralleled Ultracapacitor 4689.5 Fuel Cell Power System Architecture 4689.5.1 Balance‐of‐Plant 4689.5.2 Fuel Cell DC Power Systems 4699.5.3 Grounding Requirement for Fuel Cell AC Power Systems 4719.6 Power Electronics for Fuel Cell Applications 4729.6.1 DC‐DC Converters 4729.6.2 DC‐AC Inverter 4799.6.3 Double‐Line Frequency Issues 4849.7 Summary 485References 486Chapter 10 Grid Energy Storage Systems 495Marcelo G. Molina10.1 Introduction 49510.2 Smart Grid Applications of Energy Storage 50010.3 Energy Storage Technologies 50610.3.1 Mechanical Energy Storage 50710.3.2 Electrical Energy Storage 51810.3.3 Electrochemical Energy Storage 52910.3.4 Chemical Energy Storage 54710.3.5 Thermal Energy Storage 55210.4 Assessment of Energy Storage Technologies 55510.5 Power Conditioning System for Interfacing Energy Storage Technologies with the Smart Grid 56510.6 Conclusion 572References 574Chapter 11 Smart Grid Simulations and Control 585Aranya Chakrabortty and Anjan Bose11.1 Introduction 58511.2 Simulation Models 58611.2.1 Synchronous Generators 58811.2.2 Models of Renewable Energy Sources 58911.2.3 Transmission Line Models 59111.2.4 Load Models 59111.3 Current Approach for Smart Grid Simulation 59211.3.1 Power Flow Analysis 59211.3.2 Dynamic Simulations 59311.3.3 Economic Dispatch and OPF 59311.3.4 Fault Analysis 59411.3.5 Load Frequency Control 59411.3.6 Operator Training Simulator 59411.3.7 Reliability Modeling and Simulation 59411.3.8 Simulation of Power Markets 59511.4 Challenges for Grid Simulation 59511.4.1 Structural Properties 59611.4.2 Scalability 59611.4.3 Model Validation 59611.4.4 Model Aggregation 59711.4.5 Role of Power Electronics 59711.4.6 Co‐simulation of T&D Models 59811.4.7 Co‐Simulation of Infrastructures 59911.4.8 Cyber‐Physical Modeling and Simulations 60111.5 Next‐Generation Grid Control Systems 60511.5.1 Wide‐area Control 60511.5.2 Cyber‐Physical Challenges for Wide‐area Control 60811.5.3 Scheduling Protocols 61211.5.4 Co‐designing Wide‐area Control in Tandem with Communication Protocols 61311.5.5 Plug‐and‐play Control of DERs 61511.5.6 Distributed Load Frequency Control 61611.5.7 Inner‐loop + Outer‐loop Hierarchical Control 61711.6 Experimental Testbeds for Simulations and Control 61811.7 Conclusions 619References 620Chapter 12 Artificial Intelligence Applications in Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Grid – Some Novel Applications 625Bimal K. Bose12.1 Introduction 62512.2 Expert Systems 62712.2.1 Expert System Principles 62712.2.2 Expert System‐Based Control of Smart Grid 63112.3 Fuzzy Logic 63612.3.1 Fuzzy Inference System Principles 63712.3.2 Fuzzy Logic Control of a Modern Wind Generation System 64412.4 Neural Networks 65012.4.1 Neural Network Principles 65012.4.2 Neural Network Applications 66212.5 Conclusion 672Acknowledgment 673References 673Index 677