Polysaccharides

Inamuddin PhD is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and edited 60 books with multiple well-known publishers.Mohd Imran Ahamed PhD is in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in SCI journals. His research focuses on ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, actuators and electrospinning.Rajender Boddula PhD is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored 20 book chapters.Tariq Altalhi PhD is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material.

• Preface xxiii1 Natural Polysaccharides From Aloe vera L. Gel (Aloe barbadensis Miller): Processing Techniques and Analytical Methods 1Silvana Teresa Lacerda Jales, Raquel de Melo Barbosa, Girliane Regina da Silva, Patricia Severino and Tulio Flávio Accioly de Lima Moura1.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Gel Composition from A. vera 31.2 Applications of A. vera Mucilaginous Gel or Fractions 51.3 Aloe vera Gel Processing 51.3.1 Obtaining Polysaccharide Fraction or Acemannan 81.4 Analytical Methods Applied 91.4.1 Total Carbohydrates, Oligosaccharides, Acemannan and Free Sugars 91.4.2 Analytical Techniques 121.4.2.1 Chromatography Analysis 121.4.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) 131.4.2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 141.4.2.4 Mass Spectrometry 151.4.2.5 Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy 161.4.2.6 Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling 161.5 Conclusion 17References 172 Cell Wall Polysaccharides 23Ata Ullah, Lutufur Rahman, Muhammad Bilal Yazdani, Muhammad Irfan, Waheed S. Khan and Asma Rehman2.1 Introduction to Cell Wall 232.2 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides 242.2.1 Cellulose 242.2.2 Hemicellulose 252.2.2.1 Xyloglucan 252.2.2.2 Xylans 252.2.2.3 Mannans 262.2.3 Callose 262.2.4 Pectic Polysaccharides 262.2.4.1 Homogalacturonan (HG) 272.2.4.2 Arabinan 272.3 Algal Cell Wall Polysaccharides 282.3.1 Alginates 282.3.2 Sulfated Galactans 282.3.3 Fucoidans 302.4 Fungal Cell Wall Polysaccharides 302.4.1 Glucan 312.4.2 Chitin and Chitosan 312.5 Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides 322.5.1 Peptidoglycan 322.5.2 Lipopolysaccharides 33References 333 Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications 37Tonmoy Ghosh, Rabinder Singh, Asha Arumugam Nesamma and Pannaga Pavan Jutur3.1 Introduction 373.2 Polysaccharide Origins 383.3 Properties 383.3.1 Cellulose 383.3.2 Chitosan 403.3.3 Alginate 413.3.4 Carrageenan 413.3.5 Agar 413.3.6 Porphyran 423.3.7 Fucoidan 423.3.8 Ulvan 423.3.9 Exopolysaccharides From Microalgae 433.4 Applications of Polysaccharides 443.4.1 Biomedical Applications 443.4.1.1 Cellulose 443.4.1.2 Chitosan 443.4.1.3 Alginate 453.4.2 Food Applications 453.4.2.1 Cellulose 453.4.2.2 Chitosan 463.4.2.3 Alginates 463.4.2.4 Carrageenan 473.4.2.5 Agar 473.4.3 Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications 473.4.3.1 Cellulose 473.4.3.2 Chitosan 473.4.3.3 Alginate 483.4.3.4 Carrageenan 483.4.3.5 Porphyran 493.4.3.6 Fucoidan 493.4.4 Agriculture 503.5 Conclusions 50References 514 Seaweed Polysaccharides: Structure, Extraction and Applications 61Oya Irmak Şahin4.1 Introduction 614.1.1 Agar 624.1.2 Carrageenan 634.1.3 Alginate (Alginic Acid, Algin) 654.1.4 Fucoidan 674.1.5 Laminaran 684.1.6 Ulvan 694.2 Conclusion 70References 705 Agars: Properties and Applications 75Sudhakar Padmesh and Aditi Singh5.1 History and Origin of Agar 755.1.1 Agarophytes Used in Agar Manufacturing 765.2 Physical Properties of Agar Producing Seaweeds 765.3 Agar Manufacturing 785.3.1 Types of Agar Manufacturing 785.3.1.1 Freeze–Thaw Method 785.3.1.2 Syneresis Method 785.4 Structure of Agar 795.5 Heterogeneity of Agar 805.6 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Agar 805.7 Chemical Characteristics of Agar 825.8 Factors Influencing the Characteristics of Agar 835.8.1 Techniques to Analyze the Fine Chemical Structure of Agar 855.8.2 Synergies and Antagonisms of Agar Gels 865.9 Uses of Agar in Various Sectors 875.9.1 Applications of Agar in Food Industry 885.9.2 Application of Agar in Harvesting Insects and Worms 895.9.3 Vegetable Tissue Culture Formulations 905.9.4 Culture Media for Microbes 915.9.5 Industrial Applications of Agar 915.10 Conclusion and Discussion 91References 926 Biopolysaccharides: Properties and Applications 95Sinem Tunçer6.1 Structure and Classification of Biopolysaccharides 956.1.1 Structure 956.1.2 Classification 976.1.3 Structural Characterization Techniques 986.2 Uses and Applications of Biopolysaccharides 996.2.1 Functional Fibers 1006.2.2 Biomedicine 1016.2.2.1 Tissue Engineering 1026.2.2.2 Wound Healing 1076.2.2.3 Drug Loading and Delivery 1106.2.2.4 Therapeutics 1146.2.3 Cosmetics 1156.2.4 Foods and Food Ingredients 1166.2.5 Biofuels 1196.2.6 Wastewater Treatment 1206.2.7 Textiles 1216.3 Conclusion 122References 1237 Chitosan Derivatives: Properties and Applications 135Gincy Marina Mathew, Sarah Bill Ulaeto, Reshmy R., Rajeev Kumar Sukumaran, Parameswaran Binod, Ashok Pandey and Raveendran Sindhu7.1 Introduction 1357.2 Properties of Chitosan Derivatives 1427.2.1 Physiochemical Properties 1427.2.2 Functional Properties 1437.2.3 Biological Properties of Chitosan 1447.3 Applications of Chitosan Derivatives 1457.3.1 Anticancer Agents 1457.3.2 Bone Tissue Material Formation 1477.3.3 Wound Healing, Tissue Regeneration and Antimicrobial Resistance 1487.3.4 Drug Delivery 1497.3.5 Chromatographic Separations 1507.3.6 Waste Management 1507.3.7 Food Industry 1517.3.8 In Cosmetics 1527.3.9 In Paint as Antifouling Coatings 1527.4 Conclusions 152Acknowledgement 153References 1538 Green Seaweed Polysaccharides Inventory of Nador Lagoon in North East Morocco 163El Asri Ouahid, Ramdani Mohamed and Fadlaoui Soufiane8.1 Introduction 1638.2 Nador Lagoon: Situation and Characteristics 1648.3 Seaweed 1658.4 Polysaccharides in Seaweed 1668.5 Algae Polysaccharides in Nador Lagoon’s Seaweed 1678.5.1 C. prolifera 1678.5.1.1 Sulfated Galactans 1688.5.2 U. rigida & E. intestinalis 1688.5.2.1 Ulvan 1698.5.3 C. adhaerens, C. bursa, C. tomentosum 1708.5.3.1 Sulfated Arabinans 1708.5.3.2 Sulfated Arabinogalactans 1708.5.3.3 Mannans 1718.6 Conclusion 172References 1729 Salep Glucomannan: Properties and Applications 177Abdullah Kurt9.1 Introduction 1779.2 Production 1799.3 Composition and Physicochemical Structure 1819.4 Rheological Properties 1839.5 Purification and Deacetylation 1889.6 Food Applications 1919.6.1 Beverage 1919.6.2 Ice Cream and Emulsion Stabilizing 1929.6.3 Edible Film/Coating 1949.6.4 Gelation 1959.7 Health Benefits 1969.8 Conclusions and Future Trends 197References 19810 Exudate Tree Gums: Properties and Applications 205Aruna Jyothi Kora10.1 Introduction 20510.1.1 Gum Arabic 20610.1.2 Gum Karaya 20810.1.3 Gum Kondagogu 20910.1.4 Gum Ghatti 20910.1.5 Gum Tragacanth 21010.1.6 Gum Olibanum 21110.2 Nanobiotechnology Applications 21110.3 Minor Tree Gums 21410.4 Conclusions 214Acknowledgment 217References 21811 Cellulose and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications 221Rafael de Avila Delucis, Pedro Henrique Gonzalez de Cademartori, André Ricardo Fajardo and Sandro Campos Amico11.1 Introduction 22111.2 Main Raw Materials 22211.3 Composition and Chemical Structure of Lignocellulosic Materials 22411.4 Cellulose: Chemical Backbone and Crystalline Formats 22511.5 Cellulose Extraction 22811.5.1 Mechanical Methods 22811.5.2 Chemical Methods 23111.6 Cellulose Products and its Derivatives 23211.7 Main Applications 23611.8 Conclusion 241References 24212 Starch and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications 253Bhanita Goswami and Debajyoti Mahanta12.1 Introduction 25312.2 Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Starch 25412.2.1 Size, Morphology and Crystallinity of Starch Granules 25512.2.2 Physical Properties due to Associated Lipids, Proteins and Phosphorus With Starch Granules 25712.2.3 Solubility and Swelling Capacity of Starch 25712.2.4 Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Starch 25812.2.5 Birefringence and Glass Transition Temperature of Starch 25912.2.6 Rheological and Thermal Properties of Starch 26012.2.7 Transmittance and Opacity of Starch 26012.2.8 Melt Processability of Starch 26112.3 Modification of Starch 26112.3.1 Physical Modification of Starch 26212.3.2 Chemical Modification of Starch 26312.3.3 Dual Modification of Starch 26512.3.4 Enzymatic Modification of Starch 26512.3.5 Genetic Modification of Starch 26512.4 Application of Starch and its Derivatives 26612.4.1 In Food Industry 26612.4.2 In Paper Industry 26612.4.3 Starch as Binders 26712.4.4 In Detergent Products 26712.4.5 As Biodegradable Thermoplastic Materials or Bioplastics 26712.4.6 In Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries 26812.4.7 As Industrial Raw Materials 26912.4.8 As Adsorbents for Environmental Applications 26912.4.9 As Food Packaging Materials 26912.4.10 In Drug Delivery 27012.4.11 As Antimicrobial Films and Coatings 27012.4.12 In Advanced Functional Materials 27112.5 Conclusion 273References 27413 Crystallization of Polysaccharides 283Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi, Farzad Seidi, Yongcan Jin, Payam Zarrintaj, Huining Xiao, Amin Esmaeili, Sajjad Habibzadeh and Mohammad Reza Saeb13.1 Introduction 28313.2 Principles of Crystallization of Polysaccharides 28513.3 Techniques for Crystallinity Measurement 28713.4 Crystallization Behavior of Polysaccharides 28713.4.1 Cellulose 28713.4.2 Chitosan and Chitin 29013.4.3 Starch 29113.5 Polymer/Polysaccharide Crystalline Nanocomposites 29313.6 Conclusion 293References 29414 Polysaccharides as Novel Materials for Tissue Engineering Applications 301Nandini A. Pattanashetti, Anand I. Torvi, Arun K. Shettar, Pramod B. Gai and Mahadevappa Y. Kariduraganavar14.1 Introduction 30114.2 Types of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 30314.3 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering 30414.4 Polysaccharide-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 30514.4.1 Alginate-Based Scaffolds 30614.4.2 Chitosan-Based Scaffolds 30714.4.3 Cellulose-Based Scaffolds 30914.4.4 Dextran and Pullulan-Based Scaffolds 31014.4.5 Starch-Based Scaffolds 31114.4.6 Xanthan-Based Scaffolds 31214.4.7 Glycosaminoglycans-Based Scaffolds 31314.5 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives 316Acknowledgements 317References 31715 Structure and Solubility of Polysaccharides 325Vickramjeet Singh, Shikha Indoria, K.J. Jisha and Ramesh L. Gardas15.1 Introduction 32515.2 Polysaccharide Structure and Solubility in Water 32615.3 Solubility and Molecular Weight 32915.4 Solubility and Branching 33015.5 Polysaccharide Solutions 33215.6 Conclusions 334Acknowledgments 334References 33416 Polysaccharides: An Efficient Tool for Fabrication of Carbon Nanomaterials 337Yuliya Dzyazko and Vladimir Ogenko16.1 Introduction 33716.2 Aerogels 33816.2.1 Plant and Bacterial Cellulose 33916.2.2 Carbon Derived From Nanocrystalline Cellulose of Plant Origin 34416.2.3 Carbon Aerogels Produced From Bacterial Cellulose 34816.2.4 Chitosan and Sodium Alginate for Preparation of Carbon Aerogels 35016.3 Graphene-Like Materials and Nanotubes Produced From Polysaccharides 35216.4 Biocarbon Quantum Dots 35516.5 Membranes Containing Carbon Nanoparticles Derived From Cellulose 35616.6 Conclusions 358References 35817 Rheology and Structural Properties of Polysaccharides 367Andreea Irina Barzic17.1 Introduction 36717.2 General Structural Features of Polysaccharides 36817.3 Main Types of Polysaccharides and Their Structural Properties 37017.4 Rheological Behavior of Polysaccharides 37417.4.1 Semi-Diluted and Concentrated Solutions of Polysaccharides 37417.4.2 Gels of Polysaccharides 37517.4.3 Polysaccharide Liquid Crystals 37717.5 Conclusions 379References 37918 Gums-Based Bionanostructures for Medical Applications 385Hira Munir, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Imran Khan and Hafiz M.N. Iqbal18.1 Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds 38618.2 Natural Gums—Physicochemical Features 38618.3 Sources of Natural Gums 38718.3.1 Exudate Gums 38718.3.2 Mucilages 38718.3.3 Seaweed Polysaccharides 38818.3.4 Microbial Polysaccharides 38818.3.5 Animal Polysaccharide 38818.3.6 Other Sources of Polysaccharide Gums 38818.4 Classification of Gums 38818.4.1 According to the Charge 38818.4.2 According to the Source 38918.4.3 According to Shape 38918.4.4 According to Monomeric Units in Chemical Structure 38918.4.5 Semi-Synthetic Gums 39018.5 Composition of Natural Gums 39018.6 Extraction and Purification of Natural Gums 39018.7 Modification and Hydrolysis of Natural Gums 39018.8 Medical Applications of Gums-Based Bio-Nanostructures 39018.8.1 Conductive Adhesive Properties and Pharmaceutical Applications 39118.8.2 Application in Imaging and Cell Studies 39318.8.3 Application in Sutures 39318.8.4 Biomaterials for Implantation 39418.9 Conclusions 395References 39519 Alginates: Properties and Applications 399Sapna Raghav, Pallavi Jain and Dinesh Kumar19.1 Introduction 39919.2 Properties of Sodium Alginate (Na-Alg) 40019.2.1 Thickening Property of Alginates 40119.2.2 Gelling Property of Alginates 40119.2.3 Film-Forming Property 40219.2.4 Lipophilicity 40219.2.5 Solubility 40219.2.6 pH Sensitivity 40219.3 Chemical Properties 40219.4 Applications 40319.4.1 Bone Tissue Engineering 40419.4.2 Pharmaceutical Applications 40519.4.2.1 Small Chemical Drug Delivery 40519.4.2.2 Protein Delivery 40619.4.3 Wound Dressing 40619.4.4 Vaccine Delivery 40819.4.5 Water Treatment Application 41019.4.6 Alginate for Anion Removal 41019.5 Conclusions and Prospects 414Acknowledgments 414Abbreviations 414References 41420 Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications 423Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Ayodele Eugene Ayeni, Muhammad Akram, Inamuddin, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Mathew Olaniyan and Musa Abidemi Muhibi20.1 Introduction 42420.2 Marine Bacteria That Produce Polysaccharides 42520.3 Marine Fungi That Produce Polysaccharide 43120.4 Production, Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides 43120.4.1 Solid State Fermentation 43220.4.2 Submerged Fermentation 43220.4.3 Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides 43220.5 Characterization via Molecular, Biochemical and Cultural Characterization of Marine Polysaccharides 43320.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendation to Knowledge 434References 43421 Polysaccharides: Promising Constituent for the Preparation of Nanomaterials 441Rafeeya Shams, Quratul Eain Hyder Rizvi, Aamir Hussain Dar, Ishrat Majid, Shafat Ahmad Khan and Anurag Singh21.1 Introduction 44121.1.1 Classification and Types of Nanomaterials 44221.2 Preparation of Polysaccharide-Dependent Nanomaterials 44521.2.1 Electrospinning 44521.2.2 Dip Coating, Film Casting, and Physical Mixing 44621.2.3 Layer by Layer Assembly 44721.2.4 Ionotropic Gelation, Colloidal Assembly and Coprecipitation 44721.2.5 In Situ NP Preparation 44721.2.6 Ionotropic Gelation 44821.3 Biocompatibility of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 45121.4 Conclusions and Summary 452References 45222 Anticancer Potential of Polysaccharides 459Ali Raza, Javed Iqbal, Muhammad Usman Munir, Anila Asif and Arsalan Ahmed  22.1 Introduction 45922.2 Mode of Action 46022.2.1 Cell-Cycle Arrest 46022.2.2 Receptor 46022.2.3 Immunomodulatory Effect 46122.2.4 Chemotherapy Enhancement 46122.2.5 Mitochondrial Membrane Inhibition 46122.2.6 Free Radicals Capture 46222.3 Polysaccharides in Cancer Treatment 46222.3.1 Lung Cancer 46322.3.2 Blood Cancer 46422.3.3 Liver Cancer 46522.3.4 Gastric and Colon Cancer 46522.3.5 Bladder and Kidney Cancer 46622.3.6 Breast Cancer 46622.3.7 Cervical Cancer 46722.4 Polysaccharides in Conventional Therapies 46822.4.1 Chemotherapy 46822.4.2 Radiotherapy 46922.4.3 Surgery 46922.4.4 Phototherapy 46922.4.5 Drug Delivery 46922.4.6 Bioimaging 47022.4.7 Food Supplement 47022.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends 471References 47123 Polysaccharide-Based Membrane for Packaging Applications 477Saumya Pandey23.1 Introduction 47723.2 Polysaccharides as Biomaterials for Biodegradable Packaging 47823.2.1 Polysaccharides Extracted From Animals 48123.2.1.1 Chitin and Chitosan 48123.2.2 Polysaccharides Extracted From Plants 48123.2.2.1 Cellulose 48123.2.2.2 Pectin 48223.2.2.3 Starch 48323.2.2.4 Galactomannans 48423.2.3 Polysaccharides Extracted From Algae 48423.2.3.1 Carrageenan 48423.2.3.2 Alginate 48423.2.4 Polysaccharides Synthesized by Microorganisms 48523.2.4.1 Pullulan 48523.2.4.2 Gellan Gum 48523.2.4.3 Xanthan Gum 48623.2.4.4 FucoPol 48623.3 Properties of Polysaccharide-Based Packaging Film or Coating 48623.3.1 Barrier Properties of Film or Coatings 48623.3.2 Mechanical Properties of the Film 48823.4 Polysaccharides-Based Nanocomposites Packaging 48923.5 Polysaccharides-Based Films and Coatings in Food Packaging Applications 49023.5.1 Food Preservation and Self-Life Extension 49023.5.2 Antimicrobial Coating 49023.5.3 Delaying of Post-Harvest Ripening 49123.5.4 Restoring Color, Aroma and Nutritional Value 49123.5.5 Antioxidant Properties 49123.6 Conclusion and Prospects 492References 49324 Applications of Polysaccharides in Cancer Treatment 501Nivedita Pujari S., Joy Hoskeri H., Anand I. Torvi and Arun K. Shettar24.1 Introduction 50124.2 Types of Polysaccharides Used in Cancer Treatment 50224.2.1 Animal Polysaccharides 50224.2.2 Vegetal Polysaccharides 50324.2.3 Microorganism and Fungi Polysaccharides 50324.3 Mechanism of Polysaccharides as Anticancer Agent 50424.3.1 Actions of Polysaccharides as Immunological Functioning 50424.3.2 Role of Polysaccharides in Cell Signaling 50524.3.3 Effect of Polysaccharides in Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest 50624.3.4 Antitumor Effect of Polysaccharides 50624.4 Usage of Polysaccharides in Preclinical and Clinical Models of Cancer 50724.4.1 In-Vitro Cell Line Model 50724.4.2 Polysaccharides as Antitumor/Anticancer in Animal Model Study 50824.4.3 Clinical Trials of Polysaccharides in Cancer Treatment 50824.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 510References 51025 Application of Chitosan-Based Catalysts for Heterocycles Synthesis and Other Reactions 517Yadavalli Venkata Durga Nageswar, Nelson L.C. Domingues, Ramesh Katla and Rakhi Katla25.1 Introduction 51725.2 Recent Research Reports 51825.2.1 Furans 51825.2.2 Pyrazoles 51825.2.3 Imidazoles 51925.2.4 Oxazoles 52025.2.5 Thiazoles 52125.2.6 Triazoles 52225.2.7 Tetrazoles 52325.2.8 Pyridines 52425.2.9 Quinolines 52425.2.10 Pyrazines 52525.2.11 Pyrimidines 52525.2.12 Quinazolines 52725.2.13 Phthalazines 52725.2.14 Perimidines 52725.2.15 Pyrans 52825.2.16 Coumarins 53025.2.17 Chromenes 53025.2.18 Other Reactions 53125.2.18.1 Oxidations 53125.2.18.2 Reductions 53325.2.18.3 Coupling/Condensation Reactions 53325.2.18.4 Isomerization 53725.2.18.5 Ring Opening 53825.3 Conclusion 538References 53926 Preparation and Applications of Polysaccharide-Based Composites 543Sadaf Ahmad, Bushra Anees Palvasha, Bakar bin Khatab Abbasi, Muhammad Shahid Nazir, Majid Niaz Akhtar, Zaman Tahir and Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah26.1 Introduction 54426.2 Types 54426.2.1 Cellulose 54426.2.2 Starch 54526.2.3 Glycogen 54526.2.4 Chitin 54526.2.5 Pectin 54626.3 Importance 54626.4 Fabrication and Applications of Polysaccharide-Inorganic-Based Composites 54726.4.1 Cellulose–Inorganic Materials 54726.4.2 Starch–Inorganic Materials 55326.4.3 Pectin–Inorganic Materials 55726.4.4 Chitin and Chitosan–Inorganic Materials 55926.4.5 Polysaccharides–Metal Organic Frameworks 56126.5 Recent Applications 56426.6 Conclusion 565References 56627 Polysaccharide-Based Liquid Crystals 573Sumaira Saleem, Gulzar Muhammad, Muhammad Mudassir Iqbal, Muhammad Ajaz Hussain, Muhammad Arshad Raza, Zahid Shafiq and Haseeba Razzaq27.1 Introduction 57327.2 Polysaccharides-Based Liquid Crystals 57527.2.1 Cellulose-Based Liquid Crystals 57527.2.2 Liquid Crystals From Cellulose Derivatives 57827.2.3 Amylose-Based Liquid Crystals 57927.2.4 Dextrin-Based Liquid Crystals 58227.2.5 Chitin-Based Liquid Crystals 58427.2.6 Schizophyllan-Based Liquid Crystals 58527.3 Conclusion 586References 58628 Patents on Polysaccharide Applications 591Nadhratun Naiim Mobarak, Sharifah Nabihah Syed Jaafar and Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed28.1 Introduction 59128.2 Polysaccharides in Medical Application 59528.3 Polysaccharides in Cosmetic Application 59728.4 Polysaccharides in Battery Components 60028.5 Polysaccharides in Paper Manufacture 60128.6 Conclusion 601References 60229 Applications of Polysaccharides in Controlled Release Drug Delivery System 607Muhammad Harris Shoaib, Muhammad Sikandar, Farrukh Rafiq Ahmed, Fatima Ramzan Ali, Faaiza Qazi, Rabia Ismail Yousuf, Asma Irshad, Sabahat Jabeen and Kamran Ahmed29.1 Introduction 60729.2 Polysaccharides From Plant Sources and Their Derivatives 60829.2.1 Cellulose 60829.2.2 Cellulose Derivatives 60929.2.2.1 Cellulose Ethers 60929.2.2.2 Cellulose Esters 61229.2.3 Hemicellulose 61329.2.3.1 Mannans 61429.2.4 Starch 61729.2.5 Pectin 61829.2.6 Lignin 61929.2.7 Inulin 62029.3 Gums 62029.3.1 Exudate Gums 62029.3.1.1 Gum Arabic (Gum Acacia) 62029.3.1.2 Gum Tragacanth 62129.3.1.3 Gum Karaya 62129.3.2 Mucilage Gums 62229.3.2.1 Okra Gum 62229.3.2.2 Khaya Gum 62229.3.2.3 Hakea Gum 62229.3.2.4 Cassia tora Gum 62329.3.2.5 Albizia Gum 62329.3.2.6 Prunus cerasoides Gum 62329.3.2.7 Tamarind Gum 62329.3.2.8 Cissus populnea Gum 62429.4 Polysaccharides From Algal Sources 62429.4.1 Alginates 62429.4.2 Galactans 62629.4.3 Carrageenan 62629.4.4 Agar 62729.4.5 Agarose 62829.5 Polysaccharides From Fungal Sources 62929.5.1 Scleroglucan 62929.5.2 Beta-Glucan 62929.5.3 Pullulan 63029.6 Polysaccharides From Animals Sources and Their Derivatives 63129.6.1 Chitin 63129.6.2 Chitosan 63229.6.3 Hyaluronic Acid 63329.6.4 Glycogen 63329.6.5 Chondroitin Sulfate 63329.6.6 Dermatan Sulfate 63429.6.7 Gelatin 63429.7 Polysaccharides From Microorganisms 63529.7.1 Curdlan 63529.7.2 Xanthan Gum 63629.7.3 Gellan Gum 637References 63730 Applications of Polysaccharides in Nutrition and Medicine 657Nivedita Pujari S., Arun K. Shettar and Joy Hoskeri H.30.1 Introduction 65730.2 Sources of Polysaccharides 65830.2.1 Polysaccharides in Dietary Fibers 65830.2.2 Polysaccharides in Plants 65930.2.3 Polysaccharides in Algae and Lichens 65930.2.4 Polysaccharides in Fungi 66030.2.5 Polysaccharides From Bacteria 66130.2.6 Polysaccharides From Other Sources 66230.3 Role of Polysaccharides in Nutrition 66230.3.1 Polysaccharides in Food 66230.3.2 Polysaccharides as Energy Sources 66330.3.3 Health Impact of Polysaccharides 66430.3.4 Nutritional Aspect of Polysaccharides 66430.4 Biomedical Applications of Polysaccharides 66530.4.1 Polysaccharides as Antimicrobial and Antiviral 66530.4.2 Polysaccharides as Antitumor/Anticancer 66630.4.3 Polysaccharides as Anti-Obesity and Anti-Hypercholesterolemic Agents 66730.4.4 Polysaccharides as Antidiabetic Agents 66930.4.5 Polysaccharides as Immune Modulator Agent 67030.4.6 Polysaccharides as Anti-Inflammatory Agent 67130.4.7 Polysaccharides as Neuro-Protective Agent 67230.4.8 Polysaccharides as a Source of Antioxidant 67230.4.9 Polysaccharides in Wound Healing and Wound Dressing 67330.5 Conclusion 674References 67431 Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines: Progress and Achievements 683Rafig Gurbanov31.1 A Brief History of Vaccination 68331.2 The Leverage of Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines Over Natural Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines 68431.3 The Principles of Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccines 68631.3.1 Tumor Vaccines 68931.3.2 Leishmaniasis Vaccines 69031.3.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccines 69031.3.4 Bacterial Vaccines 69131.4 The Opportunities and Prospects of Synthetic Polysaccharide-Based Vaccine Technologies 692References 69432 Polysaccharides Derived From Natural Sources: A Panacea to Health and Nutritional Challenges 701Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Muhammad Akram, Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Khuram Shahzad, Ayodele Eugene Ayeni, Sidra Hasan, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Syed Muhammad Hasan, Inamuddin, Mathew Olaniyan and Musa Abidemi Muhibi32.1 Introduction 70232.2 Different Types of Polysaccharides Derived From Different Natural Sources 70332.2.1 Polysaccharides Derived From Plants and Their Applications 70432.2.2 Animal Derived Polysaccharides and Their Applications 70532.2.2.1 Chitosan and Chitin 70532.2.2.2 Heparin and Heparin Sulfates 70632.2.2.3 Hyaluronic Acid 70732.2.3 Microorganisms Derived Polysaccharides and Their Applications 70732.2.3.1 Alginate 70732.2.3.2 Dextran 70832.2.3.3 Fucoidans 70832.2.3.4 Spirulina 70832.2.4 Homoglycans 70932.2.4.1 Starch and Hetastarch 70932.2.4.2 Cellulose 70932.2.4.3 Inulin 71032.2.4.4 Chitin and Chitosan 71032.2.4.5 Glycogen 71232.2.4.6 Heteroglycans and Other Polysaccharides 71232.2.4.7 Glycosaminoglycans Significance 71532.2.4.8 Chondroitin Sulfates 71532.2.4.9 Hyaluronic Acid 71532.2.4.10 Alginic Acid 71532.2.4.11 Mucopolysaccharidoses 71732.3 Production, Extraction and Purification of Polysaccharides 71832.3.1 Solid State Fermentation 71932.3.2 Submerged Fermentation 71932.3.3 Extraction and Purification Process of Polysaccharides 72032.4 Specific Examples of Polysaccharides and Their Various Applications in Nutrition and Medicine 72032.4.1 Schizophyllan 72032.4.1.1 Antitumor Activity of Schizophyllan 72132.4.1.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Schizophyllan 72132.4.1.3 Immunomodulatory Activity of Schizophyllan 72132.4.1.4 Prebiotic Potential of Schizophyllan 72232.4.2 Pleuran and Others Polysaccharides From Pleurotus spp. 72232.4.2.1 Specific Nutritional and Beneficial Functions of Pleurotus Polysaccharides 72232.4.3 Scleroglucan 72332.4.3.1 Applications for Nutritional and Medicinal Purposes Derived From Scleroglucan 72332.4.4 Curdlan 72432.4.5 Other Essential Polysaccharides With Medical Significance 72532.5 Conclusion and Recommendation to Knowledge 725References 725Index 739