Polyoxymethylene Handbook

SIGRID LÜFTL, PhD,is currently involved in researching the influence of artificial aging on the properties of polymer materials. She has worked as a research associate at the Institute of Materials Science and Technology at the Vienna University of Technology.VISAKH P.M. is a Senior Researcher at the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, India. He has been invited as a visiting student/researcher to about 15 European universities and is the editor of seven books.SARATH CHANDRAN is working as a research fellow at the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, India, and as a research fellow at the Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Catalysis, RMIT, Australia.

• Preface xiii 1 Polyoxymethylene: State of Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1Sigrid Luft l and Visakh. P.M. 1.1 Scope 2 1.2 History 2 1.3 Commercial Significance 7 References 13 2 Polymerization and Manufacture of Polyoxymethylene 21Johannes Karl Fink 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Monomers 22 2.3 Comonomers 25 2.4 Polymerization and Fabrication 28 2.5 Special Additives 44 References 46 3 Polyoxymethylene Additives 53Emmanuel Richaud 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Antioxidants 54 3.3 Compounds Reacting with Secondary Reaction Products 59 3.4 UV Stabilization 60 3.5 Impact Modifier 65 3.6 Nucleating Agent 67 3.7 Pigments and Dyes 72 3.8 Flame Retardants 75 3.9 Antistatic Agents 79 3.10 Lubricating Agents 80 3.11 Fillers 82 3.12 Processing Aids 90 References 91 Appendix 3.1: List of Stabilizers 100 4 Polyoxymethylene Processing 107Kinga Pielichowska 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Injection Molding 109 4.3 Melt Extrusion 116 4.4 Solid-State Extrusion 118 4.5 Extrusion Assisted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 120 4.6 Blow Molding 121 4.7 Others Methods 123 4.8 Highly Oriented Products 132 4.9 Recycling of Production Waste 136 4.10 Finishing and Machining of POM 138 4.11 Conclusions 141 References 142 5 Polyoxymethylene Applications 153Lidia Tokarz, Slawomir Pawlowski and Michal Kedzierski 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Automotive Industry, Mechanical Engineering 156 5.3 Electrical and Electronic Industry, Fancy Goods 157 5.4 Medical Applications 158 5.5 Future Trends 160 References 160 6 Structure and Morphology of Polyoxymethylene 163Maria Raimo 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 Crystalline Structure of POM: Orthorhombic and Hexagonal Phases 165 6.3 Crystal Structure Determination 170 6.4 Morphology of Orthorhombic and Hexagonal POM 173 6.5 Morphology of Rubber-Modified POM 179 6.6 Structure-Properties Relationships 181References 186 7 Crystal Structure and Crystallization Behavior of POM and its Microscopically-Viewed Relation with the Physical and Thermal Properties on the Basis of X-ray Scattering, Vibrational Spectroscopy and Lattice Dynamical Theory 193Kohji Tashiro 7.1 Introduction 194 7.2 Crystal Structure Analysis of POM 195 7.3 Vibrational Spectra of POM 204 7.4 Structural Evolution in Isothermal Crystallization 207 7.5 Microscopically-Viewed Mechanical Property of POM 216 7.6 Conclusions 223 Acknowledgements 224 References 224 8 Physical Properties of Polyoxymethylene 227Johannes Karl Fink 8.1 Introduction 227 8.2 Density 228 8.3 Hardness 230 8.4 Heat Capacity 231 8.5 Melt Flow 231 8.6 Water Absorption 235 8.7 Gas Permeability 236 8.8 Specific Absorption 238 References 239 9 POM Mechanical Properties 241Fahmi Bedoui and Bruno Fayolle 9.1 Short Term Properties 242 9.2 Long-Term Properties 249 9.3 Conclusion 252 Acknowledgement 253 References 253 10 Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polyoxymethylene 257Vasiliki-Maria Archodoulaki and Sigrid Luft l 10.1 Glass Transition and Melting Temperature 257 10.2 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion 260 10.3 Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat 260 10.4 HDT and Vicat 261 10.5 Thermo-Oxidative Degradation Behavior and Aging 261 10.6 Testing of Long-Term Heat Aging 266 10.7 Flammability 267 10.8 Hot Sterilization 270 References 271 11 Chemical Resistance of Polyoxymethylene 277Sigrid Luft l and Emmanuel Richaud 11.1 Intoduction 277 11.2 Degradation and Oxidation Mechanisms in POM 278 11.3 Resistance to Chemicals 283 References 295 12 The Electrical Response of Polyoxymethylene (POM) 301D.A. Wasylyshyn 12.1 Introduction 301 12.2 Interactions between POM and Electromagnetic Waves 302 12.3 Interactions between POM and Arc Plasma 313 References 318 13 Electrical and Optical Properties of Polyoxymethylene 321Natamai Subramanian Muralisrinivasan 13.1 Introduction 321 13.2 Electrical Properties 322 13.3 Optical Properties 327 References 329 14 Nanocomposites of Polyoxymethylene 331Agnieszka Leszczyñska and Krzysztof Pielichowski 14.1 Introduction 331 14.2 Preparation and Structure of POM Nanocomposites with Different Nanoadditives 332 14.3 Properties of Polyoxymethylene-Based Nanocomposites 347 14.4 POM Blends as Matrices in Nanocomposite Materials 376 14.5 POM Nanostructures - Electrospun POM Nanofibers 381 14.6 Applications of POM-Based Nanocomposites and Future Trends 385 14.7 Conclusions 386 List of acronyms 387 References 388 15 Future, Environmental Impact and Suppliers 399Takashi Iwamoto and Junzo Masamoto 15.1 Introduction 400 15.2 Developments and Specialty Resins 400 15.3 Safety (Regulation and Approvals) 421 15.4 Environmental Impact 424 15.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades 426 15.6 Future 426 References 432 Index 435