Ian Budge is Emeritus Professor in the Department of Government, University of Essex UK, and well known internationally as author of numerous research articles and textbooks on democratic politics.

• Preface: Explaining Politics Systematically. Introduction: Politics and Policy What Do We Want to Explain and How? Part I: Processes. Elections alternate party-based governments with different preferences and priorities thus bringing public policy into line with centrist popular preferences in the long run: Overview 1. Why Politics? Making Policies to Provide Public Goods 2. How Popular Preferences Develop 3. Measuring Electoral Preferences 4. Electors’ Policy Thinking: From a Joined Up Left-Right Perspective to Issue-by-Issue Reactions 5. Party Policy Thinking: Framing Policy Targets and Election-Based Estimates of Majority Preferences 6. Matching Public Policy to Popular Preferences 7. The ‘Web of Explanation’: Relating Process Theories to each other Within a General Political Science Context. Part II: Rules. Rules designate – but may misrepresent – majority preferences, thus biasing policy outcomes: Overview 8. Majority Choice of Policies: Voting Paradoxes and Attempted Solutions 9. General Elections and Election Systems: Finalizing Collective Choice of Policies. Part III: Protagonists. Parties and governments shape popular preferences and reflect them in public policies: Overview 10. Citizens, Parties and Governments: Interactive Preference Formation 11. Parties: Ideological Policy-Carriers 12. Governments: Prime Participants in Policy Making 13. Ministries: Separating out Policy Areas. Part IV: States. Collective action without binding rules: Overview 14. Globalization and World Democracy. Part V: Explanation. Explaining politics by specifying its processes so as to predict outcomes. Overview: Theory-Driven Data-Analysis 15. Generating ‘Big Data’: Sources, Procedures, Error Checks 16. Simplifying ‘Big Data’: Dimensions, Majorities and the (Missing?) Middle 17. Managing ‘Big Data’: Theoretical Explanation and Statistical Analysis 18. Developing Political Science by Explaining Democracy

"This is a superb text, one that builds on what political scientists have learned and yet integrates and illuminates it. Politics: A Unified Introduction to How Democracy Works makes sense of the political world and how it really works in modern democratic politics, and I heartily recommend it." - Christopher Wlezien, University of Texas at Austin, USA."This book is lively, engaging and accessible to anyone who has even a passing interest in politics, policy and government. The chapters cover a wide range of important issues, concepts and foundational ideas in politics." - Zareh Ghazarian, Monash University, Australia."This book is a marvellous and useful introduction to modern political science. Professor Ian Budge has produced a fresh approach to study and analyse ‘Democratic Politics’. By means of ‘predictive theory’ the student can understand and explain the political process in full. I am convinced that this introduction fills a void and is an asset for any student of political science, be it a freshman or advanced in this field." - Hans Keman, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands."For any student interested in a systematic and rigorous introduction to a science of politics, this book is a must-read" - Edoardo Bressanelli, King's College London, UK."Terrific systematic presentation which specifies the conditions under which contemporary democracies operate clearly and concisely both for students and the general public." - Jean Blondel, Founding Professor, Department of Government, University of Essex, UK, and Founding Director of the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR).

Ian Budge is Emeritus Professor in the Department of Government, University of Essex UK, and well known internationally as author of numerous research articles and textbooks on democratic politics.

• Preface: Explaining Politics Systematically. Introduction: Politics and Policy What Do We Want to Explain and How? Part I: Processes. Elections alternate party-based governments with different preferences and priorities thus bringing public policy into line with centrist popular preferences in the long run: Overview 1. Why Politics? Making Policies to Provide Public Goods 2. How Popular Preferences Develop 3. Measuring Electoral Preferences 4. Electors’ Policy Thinking: From a Joined Up Left-Right Perspective to Issue-by-Issue Reactions 5. Party Policy Thinking: Framing Policy Targets and Election-Based Estimates of Majority Preferences 6. Matching Public Policy to Popular Preferences 7. The ‘Web of Explanation’: Relating Process Theories to each other Within a General Political Science Context. Part II: Rules. Rules designate – but may misrepresent – majority preferences, thus biasing policy outcomes: Overview 8. Majority Choice of Policies: Voting Paradoxes and Attempted Solutions 9. General Elections and Election Systems: Finalizing Collective Choice of Policies. Part III: Protagonists. Parties and governments shape popular preferences and reflect them in public policies: Overview 10. Citizens, Parties and Governments: Interactive Preference Formation 11. Parties: Ideological Policy-Carriers 12. Governments: Prime Participants in Policy Making 13. Ministries: Separating out Policy Areas. Part IV: States. Collective action without binding rules: Overview 14. Globalization and World Democracy. Part V: Explanation. Explaining politics by specifying its processes so as to predict outcomes. Overview: Theory-Driven Data-Analysis 15. Generating ‘Big Data’: Sources, Procedures, Error Checks 16. Simplifying ‘Big Data’: Dimensions, Majorities and the (Missing?) Middle 17. Managing ‘Big Data’: Theoretical Explanation and Statistical Analysis 18. Developing Political Science by Explaining Democracy

"This is a superb text, one that builds on what political scientists have learned and yet integrates and illuminates it. Politics: A Unified Introduction to How Democracy Works makes sense of the political world and how it really works in modern democratic politics, and I heartily recommend it." - Christopher Wlezien, University of Texas at Austin, USA."This book is lively, engaging and accessible to anyone who has even a passing interest in politics, policy and government. The chapters cover a wide range of important issues, concepts and foundational ideas in politics." - Zareh Ghazarian, Monash University, Australia."This book is a marvellous and useful introduction to modern political science. Professor Ian Budge has produced a fresh approach to study and analyse ‘Democratic Politics’. By means of ‘predictive theory’ the student can understand and explain the political process in full. I am convinced that this introduction fills a void and is an asset for any student of political science, be it a freshman or advanced in this field." - Hans Keman, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands."For any student interested in a systematic and rigorous introduction to a science of politics, this book is a must-read" - Edoardo Bressanelli, King's College London, UK."Terrific systematic presentation which specifies the conditions under which contemporary democracies operate clearly and concisely both for students and the general public." - Jean Blondel, Founding Professor, Department of Government, University of Essex, UK, and Founding Director of the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR).

Ian Budge is Emeritus Professor in the Department of Government, University of Essex UK, and well known internationally as author of numerous research articles and textbooks on democratic politics.

• Preface: Explaining Politics Systematically. Introduction: Politics and Policy What Do We Want to Explain and How? Part I: Processes. Elections alternate party-based governments with different preferences and priorities thus bringing public policy into line with centrist popular preferences in the long run: Overview 1. Why Politics? Making Policies to Provide Public Goods 2. How Popular Preferences Develop 3. Measuring Electoral Preferences 4. Electors’ Policy Thinking: From a Joined Up Left-Right Perspective to Issue-by-Issue Reactions 5. Party Policy Thinking: Framing Policy Targets and Election-Based Estimates of Majority Preferences 6. Matching Public Policy to Popular Preferences 7. The ‘Web of Explanation’: Relating Process Theories to each other Within a General Political Science Context. Part II: Rules. Rules designate – but may misrepresent – majority preferences, thus biasing policy outcomes: Overview 8. Majority Choice of Policies: Voting Paradoxes and Attempted Solutions 9. General Elections and Election Systems: Finalizing Collective Choice of Policies. Part III: Protagonists. Parties and governments shape popular preferences and reflect them in public policies: Overview 10. Citizens, Parties and Governments: Interactive Preference Formation 11. Parties: Ideological Policy-Carriers 12. Governments: Prime Participants in Policy Making 13. Ministries: Separating out Policy Areas. Part IV: States. Collective action without binding rules: Overview 14. Globalization and World Democracy. Part V: Explanation. Explaining politics by specifying its processes so as to predict outcomes. Overview: Theory-Driven Data-Analysis 15. Generating ‘Big Data’: Sources, Procedures, Error Checks 16. Simplifying ‘Big Data’: Dimensions, Majorities and the (Missing?) Middle 17. Managing ‘Big Data’: Theoretical Explanation and Statistical Analysis 18. Developing Political Science by Explaining Democracy

"This is a superb text, one that builds on what political scientists have learned and yet integrates and illuminates it. Politics: A Unified Introduction to How Democracy Works makes sense of the political world and how it really works in modern democratic politics, and I heartily recommend it." - Christopher Wlezien, University of Texas at Austin, USA."This book is lively, engaging and accessible to anyone who has even a passing interest in politics, policy and government. The chapters cover a wide range of important issues, concepts and foundational ideas in politics." - Zareh Ghazarian, Monash University, Australia."This book is a marvellous and useful introduction to modern political science. Professor Ian Budge has produced a fresh approach to study and analyse ‘Democratic Politics’. By means of ‘predictive theory’ the student can understand and explain the political process in full. I am convinced that this introduction fills a void and is an asset for any student of political science, be it a freshman or advanced in this field." - Hans Keman, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands."For any student interested in a systematic and rigorous introduction to a science of politics, this book is a must-read" - Edoardo Bressanelli, King's College London, UK."Terrific systematic presentation which specifies the conditions under which contemporary democracies operate clearly and concisely both for students and the general public." - Jean Blondel, Founding Professor, Department of Government, University of Essex, UK, and Founding Director of the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR).