Morten Bøås is Research Professor at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI).

• Acknowledgements Prologue: Nakivale 1:05 AM 1. Introduction: life in the borderland 2. Eastern Congo: mines, ‘moles’ and the users of force 3. The great escape? Diamond-mining in the borderland of Sierra Leone 4. Liberia: land, belonging and identity in a border area 5. Northern Mali: criminality, coping, and resistance along an elusive frontier 6. Northern Uganda: displacement and fear in the borderland 7. Navigating Nakivale: the refugee camp as borderland 8. Conclusion: touching from the distance References List of acronyms

‘With a constant eye for the lives of the people who inhabit the borderlands, Morten Bøås brings to the reader the outcome of his longstanding experience of social practices that are constitutive of state- society interactions in conflict economies.’Professor Daniel Bach, Emile Durkheim Centre, Sciences Po, Paris France. ‘In The Politics of Conflict Economies, Morten Bøås provides an insightful and provocative examination of the tumultuous emergence of conflict economies in African borderlands. Rejecting over-simplified economic arguments that recent conflicts have been caused by natural resource competition, Bøås shows the importance of social, historic, and political factors across numerous cases. Drawing upon a rich and diverse array of cases -- from Liberia, Sierra Leone and Mali to the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda – Bøås expertly combines a theoretical sophistication and attention to the humanity of individual actors unmatched by most other scholars. The Politics of Conflict Economies is both an essential interrogation of modern African conflicts and an exemplar of ethnographic political economy.’Professor Kevin Dunn, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, USA.‘This is a superb book and I will be urging colleagues and students to read it. It is intelligent, lucid and connects with pertinent questions on peace, conflict, displacement and the economic complexities that underpin and prolong wars in Africa and beyond. But most of all, this book is humane. It is people-centric in a way that so many academic books are not.’ Professor Roger Mac Ginty, University of Manchester, UK.‘In this enlightening intellectual journey to the African borderlands, Bøås skillfully combines personal encounters with nuanced analysis, deep structural histories with stories of human agency and dreams of social mobility, and convincingly deconstructs the false western imaginaries of African wars, states and politics – a must-read for academics and practitioners alike.’Dr Berit Bliesemann de Guevara, Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, UK.

Morten Bøås is Research Professor at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI).

• Acknowledgements Prologue: Nakivale 1:05 AM 1. Introduction: life in the borderland 2. Eastern Congo: mines, ‘moles’ and the users of force 3. The great escape? Diamond-mining in the borderland of Sierra Leone 4. Liberia: land, belonging and identity in a border area 5. Northern Mali: criminality, coping, and resistance along an elusive frontier 6. Northern Uganda: displacement and fear in the borderland 7. Navigating Nakivale: the refugee camp as borderland 8. Conclusion: touching from the distance References List of acronyms

‘With a constant eye for the lives of the people who inhabit the borderlands, Morten Bøås brings to the reader the outcome of his longstanding experience of social practices that are constitutive of state- society interactions in conflict economies.’Professor Daniel Bach, Emile Durkheim Centre, Sciences Po, Paris France. ‘In The Politics of Conflict Economies, Morten Bøås provides an insightful and provocative examination of the tumultuous emergence of conflict economies in African borderlands. Rejecting over-simplified economic arguments that recent conflicts have been caused by natural resource competition, Bøås shows the importance of social, historic, and political factors across numerous cases. Drawing upon a rich and diverse array of cases -- from Liberia, Sierra Leone and Mali to the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda – Bøås expertly combines a theoretical sophistication and attention to the humanity of individual actors unmatched by most other scholars. The Politics of Conflict Economies is both an essential interrogation of modern African conflicts and an exemplar of ethnographic political economy.’Professor Kevin Dunn, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, USA.‘This is a superb book and I will be urging colleagues and students to read it. It is intelligent, lucid and connects with pertinent questions on peace, conflict, displacement and the economic complexities that underpin and prolong wars in Africa and beyond. But most of all, this book is humane. It is people-centric in a way that so many academic books are not.’ Professor Roger Mac Ginty, University of Manchester, UK.‘In this enlightening intellectual journey to the African borderlands, Bøås skillfully combines personal encounters with nuanced analysis, deep structural histories with stories of human agency and dreams of social mobility, and convincingly deconstructs the false western imaginaries of African wars, states and politics – a must-read for academics and practitioners alike.’Dr Berit Bliesemann de Guevara, Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, UK.

Morten Bøås is Research Professor at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI).

• Acknowledgements Prologue: Nakivale 1:05 AM 1. Introduction: life in the borderland 2. Eastern Congo: mines, ‘moles’ and the users of force 3. The great escape? Diamond-mining in the borderland of Sierra Leone 4. Liberia: land, belonging and identity in a border area 5. Northern Mali: criminality, coping, and resistance along an elusive frontier 6. Northern Uganda: displacement and fear in the borderland 7. Navigating Nakivale: the refugee camp as borderland 8. Conclusion: touching from the distance References List of acronyms

‘With a constant eye for the lives of the people who inhabit the borderlands, Morten Bøås brings to the reader the outcome of his longstanding experience of social practices that are constitutive of state- society interactions in conflict economies.’Professor Daniel Bach, Emile Durkheim Centre, Sciences Po, Paris France. ‘In The Politics of Conflict Economies, Morten Bøås provides an insightful and provocative examination of the tumultuous emergence of conflict economies in African borderlands. Rejecting over-simplified economic arguments that recent conflicts have been caused by natural resource competition, Bøås shows the importance of social, historic, and political factors across numerous cases. Drawing upon a rich and diverse array of cases -- from Liberia, Sierra Leone and Mali to the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda – Bøås expertly combines a theoretical sophistication and attention to the humanity of individual actors unmatched by most other scholars. The Politics of Conflict Economies is both an essential interrogation of modern African conflicts and an exemplar of ethnographic political economy.’Professor Kevin Dunn, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, USA.‘This is a superb book and I will be urging colleagues and students to read it. It is intelligent, lucid and connects with pertinent questions on peace, conflict, displacement and the economic complexities that underpin and prolong wars in Africa and beyond. But most of all, this book is humane. It is people-centric in a way that so many academic books are not.’ Professor Roger Mac Ginty, University of Manchester, UK.‘In this enlightening intellectual journey to the African borderlands, Bøås skillfully combines personal encounters with nuanced analysis, deep structural histories with stories of human agency and dreams of social mobility, and convincingly deconstructs the false western imaginaries of African wars, states and politics – a must-read for academics and practitioners alike.’Dr Berit Bliesemann de Guevara, Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, UK.