Plant Apocarotenoids

Kaiser Iqbal Wani is a Research Associate at the School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China. His research focuses on molecular, proteomic, physiological, and biotechnological aspects of medicinal and horticultural plants under stress conditions. Tariq Aftab is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany at Aligarh Muslim University, India. His research interests center on physiological, proteomic, and molecular studies of plants under abiotic stress.

• About the Editors xiList of Contributors xiiiPreface xixSection I Introduction and Fundamentals 11 General Overview of Apocarotenoids 3Anu Pandita and Deepu Pandita1.1 Introduction 31.2 Apocarotenoids Sources 41.3 Classification of Apocarotenoids 51.4 Structural Diversity of Apocarotenoids 61.5 Significance of Apocarotenoids 61.6 Conclusion 112 Apocarotenoid Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Regulatory Mechanisms in Plants 15Sunil Kumar Verma, Devendra Singh, and Anshu Mishra2.1 Introduction 152.2 The Significance of Apocarotenoids and Their Functions 162.3 The Structural Diversity of Plant Apocarotenoids and Their Metabolic Basis 222.4 Molecular Regulation of Apocarotenoid Biosynthesis 242.5 Genetic Perspectives on Apocarotenoid Natural Variations 262.6 Conclusion and Prospects 283 Carotenoid-derived Diapocarotenoids: From Pigments to Plant Growth Regulators 39Chao Guo, Weiqiang Li, Yuchen Miao, and Kun-Peng Jia3.1 Introduction 393.2 Nomenclature and Identification of Carotenoid-derived DIAPOs in Plants 403.3 Biosynthesis of Carotenoid-derived DIAPOs in Plants 423.4 Anchorene Regulates Root Development Through Modulating Auxin Homeostasis 463.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 474 Apocarotenoid Metabolism and Redox Signaling in Plants 53Muhammad Aamir Manzoor, Irfan Ali Sabir, Iftikhar Hussain Shah, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Azam, Ghulam Murtaza, Alam Sher, Muhammad Waheed Riaz, Zishan Ahmad, and Cheng Song4.1 Introduction 534.2 Redox Signaling in Plants 544.3 Interplay Between Apocarotenoid Metabolism and Redox Signaling 574.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 59Section II Key Apocarotenoids and Their Roles 635 Strigolactones: Discovery, Biological Activity, Biosynthesis, and Applications 65Peng Zhong, Jianhua Jia, Jiali Liu, and Xiaohui Yan5.1 Introduction 655.2 Discovery of SLs 665.3 Biological Activities of SLs 685.4 Biosynthesis of SLs 775.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 796 Strigolactone Perception and Response Under Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deficiency 91Ishrat Mehmood, Abdullah, Kaiser Iqbal Wani, Muhammad Aamir Manzoor, and Tariq Aftab6.1 Introduction 916.2 Biosynthesis and Signaling Pathways of SLs in Plants 926.3 SL-mediated Root Architecture Modulation Under N Deficiency 946.4 P-Starvation-induced SL Signaling and Root System Remodeling 956.5 Interplay of N and P Deficiencies in SL Regulation 966.6 SLs as Mediators of Crop Resilience and Soil Microbiome Dynamics 976.7 Emerging Applications and Future Directions in SL Research 986.8 Conclusion 1007 Zaxinone, A Potential Plant Hormone: Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Applications 105Ishrat Mehmood, Kaiser Iqbal Wani, Abdullah, Muhammad Aamir Manzoor, and Tariq Aftab7.1 Introduction 1057.2 Identification and Characterization of Zaxinone: A Novel Plant Growth Regulator 1067.3 Zaxinone Biosynthesis: From Molecules to Plant Growth 1077.4 Zaxinone: Decoding Nature's Hidden Messenger in Plant Health and Hormonal Harmony 1097.5 Harnessing Zaxinone: Applications in Plant Growth, Stress Adaptation, and Symbiosis 1107.6 Conclusion 1118 Zaxinone Mimics: Potential Agricultural Applications for Global Food Security 115Shamshad Ahmad Khan, Nauf Al Araimi, and Priyanka Verma8.1 Introduction 1158.2 Apocarotenoids and Zaxinone Identification 1168.3 Zaxinone Mimics 1178.4 Role of MiZax in Rice 1208.5 MiZax in Other Crops 1238.6 MiZax and Striga Infestation 1248.7 Prospects of Zaxinone and Its Mimics in Crop Improvement 1249 β-Cyclocitral: Signaling During Stress Acclimatization in Plants 127Vinay Kumar Dhiman, Sudarshna, Vivek Kumar Dhiman, and Devendra Singh9.1 Introduction 1279.2 β-Cyclocitral: Formation and Derivatives 1289.3 β-Cyclocitral and Salicylic Acid Interplay 1309.4 Could It Be a New Agricultural Tool? 1319.5 β-Cyclocitral Signaling in Plants Under Abiotic Stress 1319.6 JA-induced β-Cyclocitral and Protection Against Bacterial Blight in Rice 1329.7 Role in Regulation of Root Architecture 1329.8 β-Cyclocitral and Nonvascular Plants: Allelochemical Response 1339.9 β-Cyclocitral and Herbivory 1339.10 β-Cyclocitral Role in Metabolite Formation 1349.11 Conclusion 13410 β-Ionone: A Key Apocarotenoid in Plants and Wine 141Alice Vilela and Berta Gonçalves10.1 Introduction 14110.2 Role in Plants 14210.3 β-Ionone Signaling and Mycorrhization 14410.4 Key Enzymes Involved in β-Ionone Synthesis 14510.5 Heterologous Production of β-Ionone in Microbial Cell Factories 14510.6 Industrial Applications of β-Ionone 15010.7 β-Ionone in Wine 15110.8 Final Remarks 152Section III Saffron Apocarotenoids: Special Focus 15911 Saffron Apocarotenoids 161Braulio Edgar Herrera Cabrera, Rafael Salgado Garciglia, Luis Germán López Valdez, Alejandra Hernández Garcia, Adriana Delgado Alvarado, Francisco Javier Verduzco Miramón, and Hebert Jair Barrales-Cureño11.1 Occurrence and Structure 16111.2 Biosynthetic Pathways of Major Saffron Apocarotenoids 16411.3 Impact of Abiotic Stress on Saffron Apocarotenoid Signals 16611.4 Crocin and Crocetin Biosyntheses 16611.5 Chemical Compositions 16811.6 Key Enzymes Involved 16911.7 Micro-RNAs Involved in Apocarotenoid Biosynthesis in Saffron 16912 Saffron Apocarotenoids: Insights into Evolution, Gene Regulation, and Genetic Engineering Approaches for Crop Improvement 173Aamir Hussain Pala, Adnan Shakeel, Jewel Jameeta Noor, Aabida Gul, Uzma Jan, Mehnaz Shakeel, and Nasheeman Ashraf12.1 Introduction 17312.2 Biosynthesis and Regulation of Saffron Apocarotenoids 17412.3 Evolution of the Carotenoid Biosynthesis Pathway Genes 17712.4 Structure, Function, and Potential Uses of Crocin and Picrocrocin 17912.5 Genomic Approaches to Enhance Apocarotenoids in Saffron 18312.6 Conclusion 18413 Cell Biofactories for the Sustainable Production of Saffron Apocarotenoids 189Tingan Zhou and Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro13.1 Introduction 18913.2 Saffron Apocarotenoids 19013.3 Biosynthetic Pathway of Saffron Apocarotenoids 19213.4 Microbial Cell Factories 19413.5 Plant Cell Factories 19614 Engineering Crocin Production in Heterologous Host Plants 203Anu Pandita and Deepu Pandita14.1 Introduction 20314.2 Biofortified Plants for Saffron Apocarotenoid Production 20614.3 Conclusion 213Section IV Physiological Roles and Stress Responses 21715 Apocarotenoids in Plant Biology: Defense Signaling and Lignin Interactions 219Nayaab Shahir Pandit, Mohsin Shafi, Ishrat Mehmmod, and Kaiser Iqbal Wani15.1 Introduction 21915.2 Lignin: A Structural and Defensive Polymer 22015.3 Biosynthesis of Apocarotenoids: From Carotenoids to Signaling Molecules 22015.4 Key Apocarotenoids and Their Diverse Functions 22115.5 Apocarotenoid Signaling in Plant Defense Mechanisms 22215.6 Apocarotenoid Interactions: Crosstalk with Hormones and Microbes 22315.7 Lignin: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Regulation 22415.8 Analytical Approaches for Studying Apocarotenoids and Lignin 22815.9 Agricultural and Biotechnological Applications 22915.10 Illustrative Examples: From Model Systems to Crops 23015.11 Future Directions and Perspectives 23115.12 Conclusion 23116 Role of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase-encoding Genes in Mitigating Stress in Plants 237Najwa Shabir and Nasheeman Ashraf16.1 Introduction 23716.2 The CCD Family 23816.3 Discovery and Early Functional Studies 23916.4 Structural Features and Catalytic Architecture of CCDs 24016.5 Classification and Functional Roles of CCDs in Plant Stress Responses 24116.6 Recent Discoveries of CCD Variants and Their Lineage-specific Functional Adaptations 24516.7 Regulation of CCD Genes Under Stress Conditions 24616.8 Expanding Functional Horizons of CCDs 24717 Impact of AM Symbiosis on Apocarotenoid Production in Plants 257Ishrat Mehmood, Abdullah, Kaiser Iqbal Wani, Muhammad Aamir Manzoor, Tariq Aftab, and Nayaab Shahir Pandit17.1 Introduction 25717.2 Unveiling the Symbiotic Relationship: AM Fungi and Plant Health 25917.3 Apocarotenoids: Multifunctional Metabolites in Plant Physiology 25917.4 Molecular Mechanisms Driving AM Fungi-induced Apocarotenoid Biosynthesis in Plants 26217.5 Functional Roles of Apocarotenoids in Stress Adaptation 26517.6 Ecological and Agricultural Implications of AM-induced Apocarotenoid Production 26617.7 Challenges and Considerations 26817.8 Conclusion 26818 Metabolic Engineering of Apocarotenoids in Plants 277Maria Lobato-Gómez and Antonio Granell18.1 Engineering Plants for the Production of Exotic Apocarotenoids 27718.2 Carotenoids 27818.3 Apocarotenoids 28018.4 Metabolic Engineering of Plant Apocarotenoids 281References 297Index 305