Oscar Linares, MD is a Cuban-born internist and geriatrician. He studied mathematical modeling under Dr. Loren Zech, a senior scientist at the National Institutes of Health. He is an experienced medical researcher and author of over 40 peer-reviewed scientific articles. David Daly is a lawyer experienced in drafting and negotiating international automotive contracts in plain English. He has won three awards from the State Bar of Michigan for clear legal writing. He has worked with Dr. Linares to write medical articles, medical opinions, and legal briefs in medical cases in plain English. Gertrude Daly is a technical writer and editor.

• Table of ContentsPreface Introduction a. Why bother to write in plain English? b. What do we mean by plain English? c. Medicus incomprehensibilis d. Using the tips in your writing e. Notes on the exercises Concept 1 - Take charge of your reading ease score a. Flesch reading ease & Flesch-Kincaid grade level tests b. WSEG scores - How we track key reading ease data 1. Use normal sentence length a. Keep sentence length 15 words average, 25 words maximum b. Keep the subject and verb close together in the first seven or eight words c. Put the main point first. Then give commentary, detail or support 2. Prefer the short word a. Keep essential scientific terms; minimize other long words b. Cite a common medical term once to avoid confusion c. Write a compound word to promote reading ease and show how you pronounce it d. Omit any unnecessary word ending e. Avoid the noun string f. Don't be afraid to start a sentence with "and" or "but" g. Avoid using a high percentage of long words 3. Omit any needless word a. Spot and omit needless words b. Omit the needless "of" c. Omit the needless "that" Concept 2 - Use vivid language 4. Prefer active voice a. Identify active and passive voice b. Revise passive into active voice c. When should you use active voice? d. Minimize forms of the verbs "to be" and "to have" e. Identify nominalization f. Convert nominalization into a verb in active voice 5. Prefer concrete language a. Identify abstract and concrete subjects b. Revise abstract into concrete c. Use nouns & verbs to carry the weight of meaning d. Write in the singular e. Talk in terms of one doctor treating one patient 6. Observe the 1066 principle a. Prefer the short word to describe the real world b. Prefer "-'s" to show real-world possession or connection c. Use terms consistently; avoid elegant variation d. Avoid using a long, Latin word to describe the real-world 7. Statistical analysis of WSEG scores for exercises in Chapters 1-6 Concept 3 - Present logical reasoning clearly 8. Organize your narrative in a way that's helpful for your reader a. Introduce and develop a single idea in each paragraphs b. Present two-dimensional data in a table, chart, or graph 9. Choose a clear narrative pathway a. Start with things known b. Start by anchoring the discussion in the real world b. Choose a good narrative pathway c. Make a smooth transition between concrete and abstract 10. Forge a strong chain of logical reasoning a. Explain each step of reasoning b. State the problem before you solve it c. State the problem in words before you state it in symbols Afterword: Can things ever change? Appendices 1. English users around the world 2. Selected excerpts from medical science articles 3. Exercise key Glossary References

Plain English for Doctors and Other Medical Scientists is a very instructional text for anybody involved in biomedical research struggling with delivering their findings to the general scientific community and beyond. This book makes tremendous inroads in simplifying the task of communicating complex science void of complexities of grammar. Thus, it makes a unique contribution to biomedical sciences by providing instruction for quick dissemination of knowledge which ultimately may result in prevention of illness and discovery of cures.