Jianzhuang Jiang, PhD, is Professor at the University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. His research is focused on single-molecule magnets, organic field-effect transistors, linear and nonlinear optical materials, and new energy materials. Hailong Wang, PhD, is Professor at the University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. His research is focused on porous molecular crystals and tetrapyrrole-based crystalline materials. Kang Wang, PhD, is Professor at the University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. His research is focused on the synthesis of conjugate extended tetrapyrrole and tetrapyrrole-fused oligomer skeletons, as well as the synthesis and application of tetrapyrrole-based conjugated mesoporous organic frameworks.

• 1 A Journey from Molecular Phthalocyanines to Polymeric Materials 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Monophthalocyanines 41.2.1 Tetra-Substituted Monophthalocyanines 61.2.2 Octa-Substituted Monophthalocyanines 71.3 Phthalocyanine-Based Oligomers 91.3.1 Sandwich-Type Phthalocyanine-Based Complexes 91.3.2 μ-Oxo-Linked Phthalocyanine-Based Oligomers 121.3.3 Phthalocyanine-Based Supramolecular Oligomers 131.3.4 Phthalocyanine-Based Covalent-Bonded Oligomers 161.3.4.1 Phthalocyanine-Based Fused Oligomers 161.3.4.2 Phthalocyanine-Based Covalent-Linked Oligomers 191.3.5 Cofacial and Cage-Like Phthalocyanine-Based Compounds 201.4 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials 231.4.1 Phthalocyanine-Based Porous Molecular Crystals 231.4.2 Phthalocyanine-Based Coordination Polymers 251.4.3 Phthalocyanine-Based Organic Polymers 291.4.3.1 Amorphous Phthalocyanine-Based Organic Polymers 291.4.3.2 Phthalocyanine-Based COFs 331.5 Porous Polymeric Materials for Functional Applications 361.5.1 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Chemical Sensors 361.5.2 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Electrocatalysis 371.5.3 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Photocatalysts 401.5.4 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Energy Storage 421.6 Conclusion 43Abbreviations 43References 442 Phthalocyanine-Based Cages 552.1 Introduction 552.1.1 Metal–Organic Cages 552.1.2 Porous Organic Cages 562.2 Phthalocyanine-Based Cages 572.2.1 Pc-Based MOCs 572.2.2 Pc-Based POCs 582.2.3 Subphthalocyanine-Based Cages 642.2.4 Other Phthalocyanine-Based Molecule Cages 652.3 Electrochemical Properties of Pc-Based Cages 732.4 Photophysical Properties of Pc-Based Cage 772.5 Gas-Sensing Properties of Pc-Based Cage 802.6 Host–Guest Properties of Pc-Based Molecular Cages 802.7 Conclusion 82Abbreviations 84References 843 Phthalocyanine-Based Coordination Polymers 893.1 Introduction 893.2 Synthesis of Pc-Based MOFs 903.2.1 The First Pc-Based Porous Coordination Polymers 913.2.2 MOFs Based on Octahydroxy-Pcs 923.2.3 MOFs Based on Amino-Pcs 983.2.4 MOFs Based on Carboxyl-Substituted Pcs 1033.3 Electrochemical Properties of Pc-Based MOFs 1063.4 The Nanocomposite of Pcs with Different MOFs Systems 1133.5 The Axial Polymer of Pcs 1253.6 The Polymers Based on the Co-Assembly of Pcs with Cyclodextrin 1283.7 The Nanocomposite of Pcs with MOFs and COFs 1303.8 Conclusion 132Abbreviations 132References 1334 Porous Phthalocyanine-Based Organic Polymers 1374.1 Introduction 1374.2 Pc-Based CMPs 1394.2.1 Imine-Linked Pc-Based CMPs 1404.2.2 Ethynyl-Linked Pc-Based CMPs 1444.2.3 Other Mode-Linked Pc-Based CMPs 1464.3 Pc-Based COFs 1484.3.1 Octahydroxyphthalocyanine-Derived COFs 1504.3.2 Octaaminophthalocyanine-Derived COFs 1574.3.3 Octacarboxyphthalocyanine-Derived COFs 1644.3.4 Hexadecafluorophthalocyanine-Derived COFs 1694.4 Polyphthalocyanines 1724.4.1 Amorphous Polyphthalocyanines 1734.4.2 Crystalline Polyphthalocyanines 1804.5 Conclusion 184Abbreviations 185References 1885 Sensors Based on Phthalocyanine Polymers and Covalent Organic Frameworks 1935.1 Introduction 1935.2 Basic Parameters for Sensors 1945.3 Pc-Based NO2 /NH3 /NO2−  Sensors1955.4 Pc-Based 3O2 / 1O2 /H2O2 Sensors 1995.5 Pc-Based Neurotransmitters and Stimulants Sensors 2045.6 Pc-Based Cancer Biomarker (L-Cysteine) Sensors 2065.7 Pc-Based Glucose Sensors 2085.8 Pc-Based Ion Sensors 2105.9 Pc-Based Organic Compounds Sensors 2125.10 Pc-Based Temperature/Pressure Sensors 2195.11 Conclusion 220Abbreviations 221References 2236 Application of Phthalocyanine in Electrocatalysis 2276.1 Introduction 2276.2 Phthalocyanine for CO2  Electroreduction 2276.3 Phthalocyanine for ORR 2556.4 Phthalocyanine for OER 2596.5 Phthalocyanine for HER 2606.6 Phthalocyanine for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (NRR) 2606.7 Phthalocyanine for Electrochemical H2O2 Generation 2646.8 Conclusion and Outlook 265Abbreviations 265References 2667 Application of Phthalocyanine in Photocatalysis 2697.1 Introduction 2697.2 Phthalocyanine for CO2 Photoreduction 2707.3 Phthalocyanine for H2O2 Photosynthesis 2857.4 Phthalocyanine for Photocatalytic Degradation 2877.5 Phthalocyanine for Photocatalytic Water Splitting 3057.6 Conclusion and Outlook 308Abbreviations 309References 3098 Applications of Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Energy Storage 3138.1 Introduction 3138.2 Metal-Ion Battery 3138.3 Lithium-Ion Battery 3148.3.1 Cathode Material 3148.3.2 Anode Material 3168.3.3 Bipolar Electrode Material 3218.3.4 Interface-Modified Film 3258.3.5 Lithium–Sulfur Battery Catalyst 3268.4 Sodium-Ion Battery 3288.4.1 Anode Material 3288.4.2 Bipolar Electrode Material 3298.4.3 Sodium-Iodide Battery Catalyst 3328.5 Potassium-Ion Battery 3328.6 Metal–Air Battery 3358.7 Li–O2 Battery 3368.8 Li–CO2 Battery 3388.9 Zinc–Air Battery 3398.10 Supercapacitor 3518.11 Aqueous Electrolyte System 3548.12 Nonaqueous Electrolyte System 3558.13 Gel Electrolyte System 3588.14 Conclusions and Outlook 360Abbreviations 361References 362Index 365

Jianzhuang Jiang, PhD, is Professor at the University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. His research is focused on single-molecule magnets, organic field-effect transistors, linear and nonlinear optical materials, and new energy materials. Hailong Wang, PhD, is Professor at the University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. His research is focused on porous molecular crystals and tetrapyrrole-based crystalline materials. Kang Wang, PhD, is Professor at the University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. His research is focused on the synthesis of conjugate extended tetrapyrrole and tetrapyrrole-fused oligomer skeletons, as well as the synthesis and application of tetrapyrrole-based conjugated mesoporous organic frameworks.

• 1 A Journey from Molecular Phthalocyanines to Polymeric Materials 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Monophthalocyanines 41.2.1 Tetra-Substituted Monophthalocyanines 61.2.2 Octa-Substituted Monophthalocyanines 71.3 Phthalocyanine-Based Oligomers 91.3.1 Sandwich-Type Phthalocyanine-Based Complexes 91.3.2 μ-Oxo-Linked Phthalocyanine-Based Oligomers 121.3.3 Phthalocyanine-Based Supramolecular Oligomers 131.3.4 Phthalocyanine-Based Covalent-Bonded Oligomers 161.3.4.1 Phthalocyanine-Based Fused Oligomers 161.3.4.2 Phthalocyanine-Based Covalent-Linked Oligomers 191.3.5 Cofacial and Cage-Like Phthalocyanine-Based Compounds 201.4 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials 231.4.1 Phthalocyanine-Based Porous Molecular Crystals 231.4.2 Phthalocyanine-Based Coordination Polymers 251.4.3 Phthalocyanine-Based Organic Polymers 291.4.3.1 Amorphous Phthalocyanine-Based Organic Polymers 291.4.3.2 Phthalocyanine-Based COFs 331.5 Porous Polymeric Materials for Functional Applications 361.5.1 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Chemical Sensors 361.5.2 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Electrocatalysis 371.5.3 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Photocatalysts 401.5.4 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Energy Storage 421.6 Conclusion 43Abbreviations 43References 442 Phthalocyanine-Based Cages 552.1 Introduction 552.1.1 Metal–Organic Cages 552.1.2 Porous Organic Cages 562.2 Phthalocyanine-Based Cages 572.2.1 Pc-Based MOCs 572.2.2 Pc-Based POCs 582.2.3 Subphthalocyanine-Based Cages 642.2.4 Other Phthalocyanine-Based Molecule Cages 652.3 Electrochemical Properties of Pc-Based Cages 732.4 Photophysical Properties of Pc-Based Cage 772.5 Gas-Sensing Properties of Pc-Based Cage 802.6 Host–Guest Properties of Pc-Based Molecular Cages 802.7 Conclusion 82Abbreviations 84References 843 Phthalocyanine-Based Coordination Polymers 893.1 Introduction 893.2 Synthesis of Pc-Based MOFs 903.2.1 The First Pc-Based Porous Coordination Polymers 913.2.2 MOFs Based on Octahydroxy-Pcs 923.2.3 MOFs Based on Amino-Pcs 983.2.4 MOFs Based on Carboxyl-Substituted Pcs 1033.3 Electrochemical Properties of Pc-Based MOFs 1063.4 The Nanocomposite of Pcs with Different MOFs Systems 1133.5 The Axial Polymer of Pcs 1253.6 The Polymers Based on the Co-Assembly of Pcs with Cyclodextrin 1283.7 The Nanocomposite of Pcs with MOFs and COFs 1303.8 Conclusion 132Abbreviations 132References 1334 Porous Phthalocyanine-Based Organic Polymers 1374.1 Introduction 1374.2 Pc-Based CMPs 1394.2.1 Imine-Linked Pc-Based CMPs 1404.2.2 Ethynyl-Linked Pc-Based CMPs 1444.2.3 Other Mode-Linked Pc-Based CMPs 1464.3 Pc-Based COFs 1484.3.1 Octahydroxyphthalocyanine-Derived COFs 1504.3.2 Octaaminophthalocyanine-Derived COFs 1574.3.3 Octacarboxyphthalocyanine-Derived COFs 1644.3.4 Hexadecafluorophthalocyanine-Derived COFs 1694.4 Polyphthalocyanines 1724.4.1 Amorphous Polyphthalocyanines 1734.4.2 Crystalline Polyphthalocyanines 1804.5 Conclusion 184Abbreviations 185References 1885 Sensors Based on Phthalocyanine Polymers and Covalent Organic Frameworks 1935.1 Introduction 1935.2 Basic Parameters for Sensors 1945.3 Pc-Based NO2 /NH3 /NO2−  Sensors1955.4 Pc-Based 3O2 / 1O2 /H2O2 Sensors 1995.5 Pc-Based Neurotransmitters and Stimulants Sensors 2045.6 Pc-Based Cancer Biomarker (L-Cysteine) Sensors 2065.7 Pc-Based Glucose Sensors 2085.8 Pc-Based Ion Sensors 2105.9 Pc-Based Organic Compounds Sensors 2125.10 Pc-Based Temperature/Pressure Sensors 2195.11 Conclusion 220Abbreviations 221References 2236 Application of Phthalocyanine in Electrocatalysis 2276.1 Introduction 2276.2 Phthalocyanine for CO2  Electroreduction 2276.3 Phthalocyanine for ORR 2556.4 Phthalocyanine for OER 2596.5 Phthalocyanine for HER 2606.6 Phthalocyanine for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (NRR) 2606.7 Phthalocyanine for Electrochemical H2O2 Generation 2646.8 Conclusion and Outlook 265Abbreviations 265References 2667 Application of Phthalocyanine in Photocatalysis 2697.1 Introduction 2697.2 Phthalocyanine for CO2 Photoreduction 2707.3 Phthalocyanine for H2O2 Photosynthesis 2857.4 Phthalocyanine for Photocatalytic Degradation 2877.5 Phthalocyanine for Photocatalytic Water Splitting 3057.6 Conclusion and Outlook 308Abbreviations 309References 3098 Applications of Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Energy Storage 3138.1 Introduction 3138.2 Metal-Ion Battery 3138.3 Lithium-Ion Battery 3148.3.1 Cathode Material 3148.3.2 Anode Material 3168.3.3 Bipolar Electrode Material 3218.3.4 Interface-Modified Film 3258.3.5 Lithium–Sulfur Battery Catalyst 3268.4 Sodium-Ion Battery 3288.4.1 Anode Material 3288.4.2 Bipolar Electrode Material 3298.4.3 Sodium-Iodide Battery Catalyst 3328.5 Potassium-Ion Battery 3328.6 Metal–Air Battery 3358.7 Li–O2 Battery 3368.8 Li–CO2 Battery 3388.9 Zinc–Air Battery 3398.10 Supercapacitor 3518.11 Aqueous Electrolyte System 3548.12 Nonaqueous Electrolyte System 3558.13 Gel Electrolyte System 3588.14 Conclusions and Outlook 360Abbreviations 361References 362Index 365

Jianzhuang Jiang, PhD, is Professor at the University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. His research is focused on single-molecule magnets, organic field-effect transistors, linear and nonlinear optical materials, and new energy materials. Hailong Wang, PhD, is Professor at the University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. His research is focused on porous molecular crystals and tetrapyrrole-based crystalline materials. Kang Wang, PhD, is Professor at the University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. His research is focused on the synthesis of conjugate extended tetrapyrrole and tetrapyrrole-fused oligomer skeletons, as well as the synthesis and application of tetrapyrrole-based conjugated mesoporous organic frameworks.

• 1 A Journey from Molecular Phthalocyanines to Polymeric Materials 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Monophthalocyanines 41.2.1 Tetra-Substituted Monophthalocyanines 61.2.2 Octa-Substituted Monophthalocyanines 71.3 Phthalocyanine-Based Oligomers 91.3.1 Sandwich-Type Phthalocyanine-Based Complexes 91.3.2 μ-Oxo-Linked Phthalocyanine-Based Oligomers 121.3.3 Phthalocyanine-Based Supramolecular Oligomers 131.3.4 Phthalocyanine-Based Covalent-Bonded Oligomers 161.3.4.1 Phthalocyanine-Based Fused Oligomers 161.3.4.2 Phthalocyanine-Based Covalent-Linked Oligomers 191.3.5 Cofacial and Cage-Like Phthalocyanine-Based Compounds 201.4 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials 231.4.1 Phthalocyanine-Based Porous Molecular Crystals 231.4.2 Phthalocyanine-Based Coordination Polymers 251.4.3 Phthalocyanine-Based Organic Polymers 291.4.3.1 Amorphous Phthalocyanine-Based Organic Polymers 291.4.3.2 Phthalocyanine-Based COFs 331.5 Porous Polymeric Materials for Functional Applications 361.5.1 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Chemical Sensors 361.5.2 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Electrocatalysis 371.5.3 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Photocatalysts 401.5.4 Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Energy Storage 421.6 Conclusion 43Abbreviations 43References 442 Phthalocyanine-Based Cages 552.1 Introduction 552.1.1 Metal–Organic Cages 552.1.2 Porous Organic Cages 562.2 Phthalocyanine-Based Cages 572.2.1 Pc-Based MOCs 572.2.2 Pc-Based POCs 582.2.3 Subphthalocyanine-Based Cages 642.2.4 Other Phthalocyanine-Based Molecule Cages 652.3 Electrochemical Properties of Pc-Based Cages 732.4 Photophysical Properties of Pc-Based Cage 772.5 Gas-Sensing Properties of Pc-Based Cage 802.6 Host–Guest Properties of Pc-Based Molecular Cages 802.7 Conclusion 82Abbreviations 84References 843 Phthalocyanine-Based Coordination Polymers 893.1 Introduction 893.2 Synthesis of Pc-Based MOFs 903.2.1 The First Pc-Based Porous Coordination Polymers 913.2.2 MOFs Based on Octahydroxy-Pcs 923.2.3 MOFs Based on Amino-Pcs 983.2.4 MOFs Based on Carboxyl-Substituted Pcs 1033.3 Electrochemical Properties of Pc-Based MOFs 1063.4 The Nanocomposite of Pcs with Different MOFs Systems 1133.5 The Axial Polymer of Pcs 1253.6 The Polymers Based on the Co-Assembly of Pcs with Cyclodextrin 1283.7 The Nanocomposite of Pcs with MOFs and COFs 1303.8 Conclusion 132Abbreviations 132References 1334 Porous Phthalocyanine-Based Organic Polymers 1374.1 Introduction 1374.2 Pc-Based CMPs 1394.2.1 Imine-Linked Pc-Based CMPs 1404.2.2 Ethynyl-Linked Pc-Based CMPs 1444.2.3 Other Mode-Linked Pc-Based CMPs 1464.3 Pc-Based COFs 1484.3.1 Octahydroxyphthalocyanine-Derived COFs 1504.3.2 Octaaminophthalocyanine-Derived COFs 1574.3.3 Octacarboxyphthalocyanine-Derived COFs 1644.3.4 Hexadecafluorophthalocyanine-Derived COFs 1694.4 Polyphthalocyanines 1724.4.1 Amorphous Polyphthalocyanines 1734.4.2 Crystalline Polyphthalocyanines 1804.5 Conclusion 184Abbreviations 185References 1885 Sensors Based on Phthalocyanine Polymers and Covalent Organic Frameworks 1935.1 Introduction 1935.2 Basic Parameters for Sensors 1945.3 Pc-Based NO2 /NH3 /NO2−  Sensors1955.4 Pc-Based 3O2 / 1O2 /H2O2 Sensors 1995.5 Pc-Based Neurotransmitters and Stimulants Sensors 2045.6 Pc-Based Cancer Biomarker (L-Cysteine) Sensors 2065.7 Pc-Based Glucose Sensors 2085.8 Pc-Based Ion Sensors 2105.9 Pc-Based Organic Compounds Sensors 2125.10 Pc-Based Temperature/Pressure Sensors 2195.11 Conclusion 220Abbreviations 221References 2236 Application of Phthalocyanine in Electrocatalysis 2276.1 Introduction 2276.2 Phthalocyanine for CO2  Electroreduction 2276.3 Phthalocyanine for ORR 2556.4 Phthalocyanine for OER 2596.5 Phthalocyanine for HER 2606.6 Phthalocyanine for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (NRR) 2606.7 Phthalocyanine for Electrochemical H2O2 Generation 2646.8 Conclusion and Outlook 265Abbreviations 265References 2667 Application of Phthalocyanine in Photocatalysis 2697.1 Introduction 2697.2 Phthalocyanine for CO2 Photoreduction 2707.3 Phthalocyanine for H2O2 Photosynthesis 2857.4 Phthalocyanine for Photocatalytic Degradation 2877.5 Phthalocyanine for Photocatalytic Water Splitting 3057.6 Conclusion and Outlook 308Abbreviations 309References 3098 Applications of Phthalocyanine-Based Polymeric Materials for Energy Storage 3138.1 Introduction 3138.2 Metal-Ion Battery 3138.3 Lithium-Ion Battery 3148.3.1 Cathode Material 3148.3.2 Anode Material 3168.3.3 Bipolar Electrode Material 3218.3.4 Interface-Modified Film 3258.3.5 Lithium–Sulfur Battery Catalyst 3268.4 Sodium-Ion Battery 3288.4.1 Anode Material 3288.4.2 Bipolar Electrode Material 3298.4.3 Sodium-Iodide Battery Catalyst 3328.5 Potassium-Ion Battery 3328.6 Metal–Air Battery 3358.7 Li–O2 Battery 3368.8 Li–CO2 Battery 3388.9 Zinc–Air Battery 3398.10 Supercapacitor 3518.11 Aqueous Electrolyte System 3548.12 Nonaqueous Electrolyte System 3558.13 Gel Electrolyte System 3588.14 Conclusions and Outlook 360Abbreviations 361References 362Index 365