Photovoltaic Solar Energy

ANGÈLE REINDERS, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands PIERRE VERLINDEN, Trina Solar, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China WILFRIED VAN SARK, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, The Netherlands ALEXANDRE FREUNDLICH, University of Houston, Texas, USA

• List of Contributors xxviiForeword xxxiiAcknowledgments xxxivAbout the Companion Website xxxvPart One Introduction to Photovoltaics 11.1 Introduction 3Angèle Reinders, Wilfried van Sark, and Pierre VerlindenPart Two Basic Functional Principles of Photovoltaics 132.1 Semiconductor Materials and their Properties 15Angèle Reinders2.2 Doping, Diffusion, and Defects in Solar Cells 21Pierre J. Verlinden2.3 Absorption and Generation 32Seth Hubbard2.4 Recombination 39Seth Hubbard2.5 Carrier Transport 47Seth Hubbard2.6 PN Junctions and the Diode Equation 54Seth HubbardPart Three Crystalline Silicon Technologies 673.1 Silicon Materials: Electrical and Optical Properties 69Andreas Fell3.2 Silicon Solar Cell Device Structures 80Andrew Blakers and Ngwe Zin3.3 Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cells 92Pierre Verlinden3.4 Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cells 104Wilfried van Sark3.5 Surface Passivation and Emitter Recombination Parameters 114Bram Hoex3.6 Passivated Contacts 125Martin Hermle3.7 Light Management in Silicon Solar Cells 136Zachary Holman and Mathieu Boccard3.8 Numerical Simulation of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 150Pietro Altermatt3.9 Advanced Concepts 160Martin GreenPart Four Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cells 1674.1 Basics of Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cells 169Susanne Siebentritt4.2 Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe Absorber Materials and their Properties 179Sylvain Marsillac4.3 Contacts, Buffers, Substrates, and Interfaces 190Negar Naghavi4.4 CIGS Module Design and Manufacturing 204William ShafarmanPart Five Thin Film Silicon‐Based PV Technologies 2135.1 Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells 215Etienne Moulin, Jan‐Willem Schüttauf, and Christophe Ballif5.2 Thin Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells on Glass 226Onno Gabriel, Daniel Amkreutz, Jan Haschke, Bernd Rech, and Rutger Schlatmann5.3 Light Management in Crystalline and Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells 238Franz Haug5.4 New Future Concepts 248Jan‐Willem Schüttauf, Etienne Moulin, and Christophe BallifPart Six Organic Photovoltaics 2556.1 Solid‐State Organic Photovoltaics 257Bernard Kippelen6.2 Hybrid and Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells 267Woojun Yoon6.3 Perovskite Solar Cells 277Samuel D. Stranks and Henry J. Snaith6.4 Organic PV Module Design and Manufacturing 292Veronique S. GevaertsPart Seven Characterization and Measurements Methods 3037.1 Methods and Instruments for the Characterization of Solar Cells 305Halden Field7.2 Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence Characterization in Silicon Photovoltaics 322Thorsten Trupke7.3 Measurement of Carrier Lifetime, Surface Recombination Velocity, and Emitter Recombination Parameters 339Henner Kampwerth7.4 In‐situ Measurements, Process Control, and Defect Monitoring 350Angus Rockett7.5 PV Module Performance Testing and Standards 362Geoffrey S. KinseyPart Eight III‐Vs and PV Concentrator Technologies 3718.1 III‐V Solar Cells – Materials, Multi‐Junction Cells – Cell Design and Performance 373Frank Dimroth8.2 New and Future III‐V Cells and Concepts 383Simon Fafard8.3 High Concentration PV Systems 396Karin Hinzer, Christopher E. Valdivia, and John P.D. Cook8.4 Operation of CPV Power Plants: Energy Prediction 411Geoffrey S. Kinsey8.5 The Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) 420Michael DebijePart Nine Space Technologies 4319.1 Materials, Cell Structures, and Radiation Effects 433Rob Walters9.2 Space PV Systems and Flight Demonstrations 444Phillip Jenkins9.3 A Vision on Future Developments in Space Photovoltaics 455David Wilt9.3.1 Current Status and Near‐Term Challenges/Opportunities 455Part Ten PV Modules and Manufacturing 46310.1 Manufacturing of Various PV Technologies 465Alison Lennon and Rhett Evans10.2 Encapsulant Materials for PV Modules 478Michael Kempe10.3 Reliability and Durability of PV Modules 491Sarah Kurtz10.4 Advanced Module Concepts 502Pierre VerlindenPart Eleven PV Systems and Applications 51111.1 Grid-Connected PV Systems 513Greg J. Ball11.2 Inverters, Power Optimizers, and Microinverters 530Chris Deline11.3 Stand-Alone and Hybrid PV Systems 539Matthias Vetter and Georg Bopp11.4 PV System Monitoring and Characterization 553Wilfried van Sark, Atse Louwen, Odysseas Tsafarakis, and Panos Moraitis11.5 Energy Prediction and System Modeling 564Joshua S. Stein11.6 Building Integrated Photovoltaics 579Michiel Ritzen, Zeger Vroon, and Chris Geurts11.7 Product Integrated Photovoltaics 590Angèle Reinders and Georgia ApostolouPart Twelve PV Deployment in Distribution Grids 60112.1 PV Systems in Smart Energy Homes: PowerMatching City 603Albert van den Noort12.2 New Future Solutions: Best Practices from European PV Smart Grid Projects 612Gianluca Fulli and Flavia GangalePart Thirteen Supporting Methods and Tools 62113.1 The Economics of PV Systems 623Matthew Campbell13.2 People’s Involvement in Residential PV and their Experiences 634Barbara van Mierlo13.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaics 646Vasilis Fthenakis13.4 List of International Standards Related to PV 658Pierre Verlinden and Wilfried van SarkIndex 672