DAVID L. ANDREWS leads research on fundamental molecular photonics and energy transport, optomechanical forces, and nonlinear optical phenomena. He has over 300 research papers and a dozen of books to his name—including the widely adopted textbook, Lasers in Chemistry. The current focus of his research group is on optical vortices, novel mechanisms for optical nanomanipulation and switching, and light harvesting in nanostructured molecular systems. The group enjoys strong international links, particularly with groups in Canada, Lithuania, New Zealand, and the United States. Andrews is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, a Fellow of the Institute of Physics, and a Fellow of SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics.

• List of Contributors ixPreface xiii1 Fluorescence 1David J. S. Birch, Yu Chen, and Olaf J. Rolinski1.1 Introduction 11.2 Spectra 21.3 Quantum Yield 61.4 Lifetime 121.5 Quenching 231.6 Anisotropy 301.7 Microscopy 381.8 Conclusions 48Acknowledgments 48References 492 Single-Molecule Detection and Spectroscopy 59Michel Orrit2.1 Introduction 592.2 Experimental Setups 622.3 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 662.4 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy 722.5 Fluorescence Excitation Spectroscopy 782.6 Other Detection Methods 862.7 Conclusion 93Acknowledgments 94References 943 Resonance Energy Transfer 101David L. Andrews, David S. Bradshaw, Rayomond Dinshaw, and Gregory D. Scholes3.1 Introduction 1013.2 History of RET 1023.3 The Photophysics of RET 1033.4 Investigative Applications of RET in Molecular Biology 1133.5 The Role of RET in Light-Harvesting Complexes 118Acknowledgments 122References 1224 Biophotonics of Photosynthesis 129Valter Zazubovich and Ryszard Jankowiak4.1 Introduction 1294.2 Structure of Pigment–Protein Complexes and Structure–Function Relationships 1304.3 Key Concepts in Physics of Pigment–Protein Complexes 1334.4 Experimental Techniques 1414.5 Examples 1454.6 Conclusions 156Acknowledgments 157References 1575 Optical Sectioning Microscopy and Biological Imaging 165John Girkin5.1 Introduction and Background 1655.2 Confocal Imaging 1685.3 Nonlinear Microscopy 1725.4 Practical Implementation of Nonlinear Microscopy 1815.5 Recent Advances in Nonlinear Microscopy 1845.6 Widefield Optical Sectioning by Specialized Illumination Methods 1865.7 Summary 190References 1916 Cell Handling, Sorting, and Viability 197Darwin Palima, Thomas Aabo, Andrew Bañas, and Jesper Glückstad6.1 Handling Cells with Light 1986.2 Optical Sorting 2156.3 Cell Viability 220References 2307 Tissue Polarimetry 239Alex Vitkin, Nirmalya Ghosh, and Antonello de Martino7.1 Introduction 2397.2 Polarized Light Fundamentals 2407.3 Instrumentation 2667.4 Forward Modeling and Testing in Phantoms 2827.5 Applications 2977.6 Conclusions and Outlook 313References 3148 Optical Waveguide Biosensors 323Daphné Duval and Laura M. Lechuga8.1 Introduction 3238.2 Fundamentals of Label-Free Optical Waveguide Biosensing 3248.3 Surface Biofunctionalization 3288.4 Evaluation of Optical Biosensors 3318.5 Integrated Optical Waveguide-Based Biosensors 3348.6 Optical Fiber-Based Biosensors 3498.7 Lab-On-A-Chip Integration 3548.8 Summary 357References 3589 Light Propagation in Highly Scattering Turbid Media: Concepts, Techniques, and Biomedical Applications 367R. R. Alfano, W. B. Wang, L. Wang, and S. K. Gayen9.1 Introduction 3679.2 Physics Behind Optical Imaging Through a Highly Scattering Turbid Medium 3699.3 Study of Ballistic and Diffused Light Components 3789.4 Photon-Sorting Gates 3849.5 Transition From Ballistic to Diffuse Imaging in Turbid Media 4029.6 Conclusion 404Acknowledgments 404References 40410 Photodynamic Therapy 413Rakkiyappan Chandran, Tyler G. St. Denis, Daniela Vecchio, Pinar Avci, Magesh Sadasivam, and Michael R. Hamblin10.1 Historical Overview of PDT 41310.2 Introduction to PDT 41510.3 Photosensitizer Structure and Photophysical Properties 41810.4 Light Dosimetry and Photodynamic Therapy Light Sources 42210.5 Light-Based Strategies to Enhance PDT 42310.6 PDT Targeting and Nanotechnology 42510.7 PDT for Dermatology 42810.8 PDT for Oncology 43310.9 PDT for Infectious Disease 43510.10 PDT in Ophthalmology 44510.11 PDT and The Immune System 44610.12 Conclusion 449Acknowledgment 449References 44911 Imaging and Probing Cells Beyond the Optical Diffraction Limit 469Mark Schüttpelz and Thomas Huser11.1 The Quest for Achieving Optical Resolution Beyond ABBE’S Limit 46911.2 Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy 47411.3 Photoactivated Localization Microscopy and Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy 47711.4 Structured Illumination Microscopy 48311.5 Super-Resolution Optical Fluctuation Imaging and Other Approaches 49111.6 Outlook 495Acknowledgments 496References 49712 Technology 503Ann E. Elsner and Christopher A. Clark12.1 Basic Ocular Anatomy and Physiology 50312.2 Measurement Techniques 51412.3 Anterior Segment Diagnostics, Refractive Measurements, and Treatment 52212.4 Diagnostic Applications and Treatment of Posterior Segment 529References 534Index 543

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