Photonic Sensing

GAOZHI XIAO is Senior Research Officer at the Institute for Microstructural Science at Canada’s National Research Council. He is an associate editor for IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Electronics at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada.WOJTEK J. BOCK is Canada Research Chair in Photonics. His areas of research include fiber optic sensors, metrology, and calibration parameters of non-electric optoelectronics.

• Preface xiContributors xiii1 Surface Plasmons for Biodetection 1Pavel Adam, Marek Piliarik, Hana Šípová, Tomáš Špringer, Milan Vala, and Jiří Homola1.1 Introduction 11.2 Principles of SPR Biosensors 21.2.1 Surface Plasmons 21.2.2 Excitation of Surface Plasmons 41.2.3 Sensors Based on Surface Plasmons 71.2.4 SPR Affinity Biosensors 81.2.5 Performance Characteristics of SPR Biosensors 91.3 Optical Platforms for SPR Sensors 121.3.1 Prism-Based SPR Sensors 121.3.2 SPR Sensors Based on Grating Couplers 201.3.3 SPR Sensors Based on Optical Waveguides 231.3.4 Commercial SPR Sensors 251.4 Functionalization Methods for SPR Biosensors 261.4.1 Functional Layers 271.4.2 Attachment of Receptors to Functional Surfaces 291.4.3 Molecular Recognition Elements 341.5 Applications of SPR Biosensors 351.5.1 Detection Formats 351.5.2 Medical Diagnostics 361.5.3 Environmental Monitoring 361.5.4 Food Quality and Safety 381.6 Summary 45References 452 Microchip-Based Flow Cytometry in Photonic Sensing: Principles and Applications for Safety and Security Monitoring 59Benjamin R. Watts, Zhiyi Zhang, and Chang-Qing Xu2.1 Introduction 592.2 Microchip-Based Flow Cytometry 612.3 Microchip-Based Flow Cytometry with Integrated Optics 662.4 Applications 732.5 Conclusion 81References 833 Optofluidic Techniques for the Manipulation of Micro Particles: Principles and Applications to Bioanalyses 89Honglei Guo, Gaozhi Xiao, and Jianping Yao3.1 Introduction 893.2 Optofluidic Techniques for the Manipulation of Particles 903.2.1 Fiber-Based Optofluidic Techniques 913.2.2 Near-Field Optofluidic Techniques 963.2.3 Optical Chromatography Techniques: Axial-Type and Cross-Type 1023.3 Enhancing Optical Manipulation with a Monolithically Integrated on-Chip Structure 1043.4 Applications 1103.5 Conclusion 112Acknowledgments 114References 1144 Optical Fiber Sensors and Their Applications for Explosive Detection 119Jianjun Ma and Wojtek J. Bock4.1 Introduction 1194.2 A Brief Review of Existing Fiber-Optic-Based Explosive Detectors 1234.3 High Performance Fiber-Optic Explosive Detector Based on the AFP Thin Film 1294.3.1 Optimizing Fiber-Optic Explosive Detector Architecture 1294.3.2 Experimental Demonstration of Fluorescent Quenching Detection and Discussion 1304.3.3 Unique Advantage of the Optimized Detector—Dramatically Increased Fluorescence Collection through the End-Face-TIR Process 1344.4 Generating High Quality Polymer Film—Pretreatment with Adhesion Promoter 1374.5 Effect of Photodegradation on AFP Polymer 1384.6 Optimizing Polymer Concentration for Optimized AFP-Film Thickness 1384.7 Explosive Vapor Preconcentration and Delivery 1394.7.1 Adsorption/Desorption Zone 40 1414.7.2 Equilibrium Zone 46 1424.7.3 Chromatography Zone 52 1424.7.4 Preconditioning Zone 60 1424.7.5 Sensing Zone 42 1424.8 Future Directions and Conclusions 143References 1445 Photonic Liquid Crystal Fiber Sensors for Safety and Security Monitoring 147Tomasz Wolinski5.1 Introduction 1475.2 Materials and Experimental Setups 1495.3 Principle of Operation 1535.3.1 Mechanism of Propagation in a PLCF 1535.3.2 LC Arrangement in PCF 1545.4 Tuning Possibility 1575.4.1 Thermal Tuning 1575.4.2 Electrical Tuning 1595.4.3 Pressure Tuning 1625.4.4 Optical Tuning 1645.4.5 Birefringence Tuning 1665.5 Photonic Devices 1725.5.1 Electrically Tuned Phase Shifter 1735.5.2 Thermally/electrically Tuned Optical Filters 1745.5.3 Electrically Controlled PLCF-based Polarizer 1755.5.4 Thermally Tunable Attenuator 1755.6 Photonic Liquid Crystal Fiber Sensors for Sensing and Security 1765.7 Conclusion 178Acknowledgments 178References 1796 Miniaturized Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Systems for Potential Air Vehicle Structural Health Monitoring Applications 183Honglei Guo, Gaozhi Xiao, Nezih Mrad, and Jianping Yao6.1 Introduction 1836.2 Spectrum Fixed AWG-Based FBG Sensor System 1866.2.1 Operation Principle 1866.2.2 Applications 1886.3 Spectrum Tuning AWG-/EDG-Based FBG Sensor Systems 1906.3.1 Principle of Spectrum Tuning AWG 1916.3.2 Applications of Spectrum Tuning PLC 1946.4 Dual Function EDG-Based Interrogation Unit 2156.5 Conclusion 219Acknowledgments 220References 2207 Optical Coherence Tomography for Document Security and Biometrics 225Shoude Chang, Youxin Mao, and Costel Flueraru7.1 Introduction 2257.2 Principle of OCT 2297.2.1 Coherence Gate 2297.2.2 Time Domain and Fourier Domain OCT 2307.2.3 Full-Field OCT (FF-OCT) 2327.3 OCT Systems: Hardware and Software 2337.3.1 OCT Systems and Components 2337.3.2 Algorithms Used in OCT Signal/Image Processing 2367.4 Sensing Through Volume: Applications 2427.4.1 Security Data Storage and Retrieval 2427.4.2 Internal Biometrics for Fingerprint Recognition 2447.5 Summary and Conclusion 251References 2528 Photonics-Assisted Instantaneous Frequency Measurement 259Shilong Pan and Jianping Yao8.1 Introduction 2598.2 Frequency Measurement Using an Optical Channelizer 2618.2.1 Optical Phased Array WDM 2628.2.2 Free-Space Diffraction Grating 2648.2.3 Phase-Shifted Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating Arrays 2658.2.4 Integrated Optical Bragg Grating Fabry–Perot Etalon 2668.3 Frequency Measurement Based on Power Monitoring 2668.3.1 Chromatic-Dispersion-Induced Microwave Power Penalty 2678.3.2 Break the Lower Frequency Bound 2738.3.3 IFM Based on Photonic Microwave Filters with Complementary Frequency Responses 2778.3.4 First-Order Photonic Microwave Differentiator 2808.3.5 Optical Power Fading Using Optical Filters 2848.4 Other Methods for Frequency Measurement 2878.4.1 Fabry–Perot Scanning Receiver 2878.4.2 Photonic Hilbert Transform 2878.4.3 Monolithically Integrated EDG 2898.4.4 Incoherent Frequency-to-Time Mapping 2908.5 Challenges and Future Prospects 2918.6 Conclusion 292References 292Index 297