Photocatalysts in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment

Elvis Fosso-Kankeu has a doctorate degree from the University of Johannesburg in South Africa. He is currently a Full Professor in the School of Chemical and Mineral Engineering at the North-West University in South Africa. His research focuses on the prediction of pollutants dispersion from industrial areas, and on the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water. He has published more than 200 journal articles, books, book chapters and conference proceeding papers. Sadanand Pandey is a Research Professor in Yeungnam University, South Korea. He received his PhD degree in polymer chemistry in 2009, India. In the period 2011–2013, he worked in the Materials Research Centre (MRC) of the Indian Institute of Science. His 70+ high impact international publications have received more than 2000 google scholar citations in the past 5 years. He is leading a research project focused on the design of new nanostructured inorganic and hybrid organic–inorganic materials and their application as adsorbents, catalysts and gas sensor. Suprakas Sinha Ray is a chief researcher in polymer nanocomposites at the CSIR, India with a PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Calcutta (2001) and director of the DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials. Ray's current research focuses on polymer-based advanced nanostructured materials and their applications. Prof. Ray is the author of 4 books, co-edited 3 books, 30 book chapters on various aspects of polymer-based nano-structured materials & their applications, and author and co-author of more than 300 articles in high-impact international journals, 30 articles in national and international conference proceedings. He also has 6 patents and 7 new demonstrated technologies (commercialized) shared with colleagues, collaborators and industrial partners.

• Preface xiPart 1: Synthesis of Effective Photocatalysts 11 Biogenic Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Semiconductors for Wastewater Treatment 3Nkgaestsi M. Ngoepe, Mpitloane J. Hato, Kwena D. Modibane and Nomso C. Hintsho-Mbita1.1 Introduction 41.2 Classifications of Semiconductor Nanostructured Materials 61.2.1 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanostructures 61.2.2 Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures 71.3 Biological Synthesis of ZnO and TiO2 Nanostructures 91.3.1 Synthesis of ZnO and TiO2 Using Bacteria 101.3.2 Preparation of ZnO and TiO2 from Plants 131.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes 171.5 Challenges of Photocatalysis 221.6 Conclusions: Future and Scope 23Acknowledgments 24References 242 Wastewater Treatment: Synthesis of Effective Photocatalysts Through Novel Approaches 33Tahira Qureshi, Monireh Bakhshpour, Kemal Çetin, Aykut Arif Topçu and Adil DenizliList of Abbreviations 342.1 Introduction 352.1.1 Miscellaneous Methods in Wastewater Treatment 362.1.2 Homogeneous Photo-Fenton for Wastewater Treatment 382.1.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Processes for Wastewater Treatment 422.2 Synthesis of Photocatalytic Materials 442.2.1 Sol–Gel Synthesis 442.2.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis Process 462.2.3 Solvothermal Synthesis Process 472.2.4 Direct Oxidation Synthesis 482.2.5 Sonochemical Synthesis Method 482.2.6 Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis Method 492.2.7 Physical Vapor Deposition 502.2.8 Microwave Synthesis Process 512.2.9 Electrochemical Deposition Synthesis Process 522.3 Support Materials for Photocatalysis 532.3.1 Zeolites 532.3.2 Clays 542.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 542.3.4 Additional Supports 552.4 Life Cycle Assessment of Photocatalytic Water Treatment Processes 562.5 Summary 57References 583 Metal–Organic Frameworks as Possible Candidates for Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes in Wastewater 65Thabiso C. Maponya, Mpitloane J. Hato, Kwena D. Modibane and Katlego Makgopa3.1 Introduction 663.2 Wastewater Treatment Methods 673.3 Photocatalysis 693.3.1 Background 693.3.2 Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment 693.4 Metal–Organic Frameworks 713.4.1 History and Discovery of MOFs 723.4.2 Structure of Metal–Organic Frameworks 723.4.3 Preparation of Metal–Organic Frameworks 753.4.3.1 Hydro/Solvothermal Synthesis 753.4.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 763.4.3.3 Mechanochemical Process 773.4.3.4 Post Synthesis 783.4.5 Applications 793.4.6 MOFs for Photocatalytic Degradation 793.5 Conclusions 83Acknowledgments 83References 84Part 2: Mechanisms of the Photocatalytic Degradation of Various Pollutants 934 Photocatalytic Degradation of Toxic Pesticides: Mechanistic Insights 95Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo, Mustafa Gazi, Ayodeji Olugbenga Ifebajo, Adewale Sulaiman Oladipo and Edith Odinaka Ahaka4.1 Introduction 964.1.1 Global Production, Consumption, and Distribution of Pesticides 974.1.2 Pesticide Remediation Technologies 984.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes 994.2.1 Heterogeneous Advanced Oxidation Processes 1014.2.2 Homogeneous Advanced Oxidation Processes 1024.3 Photobased Treatment Approaches for Pesticides 1034.3.1 Photolytic Degradation of Pesticides 1044.3.2 Photolytic Degradation of Pesticides Combined With Oxidants 1064.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticides 1064.4.1 Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticides 1144.4.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticides by Metal–Organic Frameworks 1244.5 Mechanistic Insights Into Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticides 1284.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 131References 1325 Sustainable Photo- and Bio-Catalysts for Wastewater Treatment 139Nour Sh. El-Gendy and Hussein N. Nassar5.1 Introduction 1395.2 Natural Apatite and Its Applications 1415.3 Natural Apatite as a Photo-Bio-Catalyst for Wastewater Treatment 1415.3.1 Photodegradation by Pure Apatite 1425.3.2 Photodegradation by Titania/Apatite Nanocomposite 1435.3.3 Photodegradation by Zinicate/Apatite Nanocomposite 1475.3.4 Photodegradation by Other Metal/Apatite Nanocomposite 1525.4 Photodegradation of Pharmaceutical Pollutants 1575.5 Challenges and Opportunities 159References 1606 Recent Advancement in Visible-Light-Responsive Photocatalysts in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Water Treatment Technology 167Sadanand Pandey, Kotesh Kumar Mandari, Joonwoo Kim, Misook Kang and Elvis Fosso-Kankeu6.1 Introduction 1686.1.1 Technologies for Dye Removal From Contaminated Water 1706.1.2 Photocatalysis 1716.1.3 General Mechanism of Photocatalysis 1726.1.4 Parameters Affecting the Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes 1776.1.4.1 Influence of pH on Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes in Wastewaters 1776.1.4.2 Crystal Composition and Catalyst Type 1816.1.4.3 Pollutant Type and Concentration 1836.1.4.4 Influence of Catalyst Loading 1846.2 Conclusion and Future Research 186Funding 187Acknowledgments 187References 1877 Degradation Mechanism of Organic Dyes by Effective Transition Metal Oxide 197Barkha Rani, G Thamizharasan, Arpan Kumar Nayak and Niroj Kumar Sahu7.1 Introduction 1987.2 Types of Dyes and Their Sources 1987.3 Environmental Hazards 1997.4 Conventional Dye Degradation Process 2007.4.1 Coagulation/Flocculation Process 2017.4.2 Membrane Separation Process 2017.4.3 Ion Exchange Process 2027.4.4 Adsorption on Activated Carbon 2027.4.5 Advance Oxidation Process 2027.5 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Dye Degradation 2027.5.1 Adsorption Process 2037.5.1.1 Langmuir Isotherm 2037.5.1.2 Freundlich Isotherm 2047.5.1.3 Temkin Isotherm 2047.5.1.4 Dubinin Radushkevich Isotherm 2057.5.2 Photocatalytic Dye Degradation 2067.6 Nanomaterial Aspect for Dye Degradation Process 2077.7 Transition Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for Dye Degradation 2087.7.1 Co-Precipitation Process 2107.7.2 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Technique 2117.7.3 Thermal Decomposition Process 2117.8 Challenges and Future Scope 2197.9 Conclusions 220References 2218 Factors Influencing the Photocatalytic Activity of Photocatalysts in Wastewater Treatment 229Rashi Gusain, Neeraj Kumar and Suprakas Sinha Ray8.1 Introduction 2308.2 Photocatalysis in Water Treatment 2328.3 General Mechanism of Photocatalysis 2338.4 Parameters Influencing Photocatalysis 2358.4.1 Amount of Catalyst 2358.4.2 Amount of Pollutant 2358.4.3 Effect of pH 2368.4.4 Effect of Oxidants 2378.4.4.1 Effect of H2O2 2398.4.4.2 Effect of KBrO3 2408.4.4.3 Effect of (NH4)2S2O8 and K2S2O8 2408.4.5 Effect of Temperature 2418.4.6 Effect of Reaction Light Intensity 2448.4.7 Effect of Doping 2458.4.7.1 Noble Metal Doping 2478.4.7.2 Metal Doping 2488.4.7.3 Rare Earth Metal Doping 2508.4.7.4 Non-Metallic Doping 2518.4.7.5 Co-Doping 2538.4.7.6 Self-Doping 2538.4.8 Effect of Inorganic Ions 2548.4.9 Effect of Size, Morphology, and Surface Area 2558.5 Summary 257Acknowledgment 258References 2589 Removal of Free Cyanide by a Green Photocatalyst ZnO Nanoparticle Synthesized via Eucalyptus globulus Leaves 271L.C. Razanamahandry, J. Sackey, C.M. Furqan, S.K.O. Ntwampe, E. Fosso-Kankeu, E. Manikandan and M. MaazaList of Abbreviations 2729.1 Introduction 272                 9.2 Materials and Methods 2749.2.1 Eucalyptus globulus Leaves Extract Preparation 2749.2.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis 2749.2.3 Zinc Oxide Characterizations 2749.2.4 Free Cyanide Removal 2759.3 Results and Discussion 2769.3.1 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Characteristics 2769.3.2 Free Cyanide Adsorption 2819.4 Conclusion 284References 285Index 289