Philosophy of Technology

Robert C. Scharff is Professor of Philosophy at the University of New Hampshire. He is the author of Comte After Positivism (1995; 2002) and the former editor of Continental Philosophy Review (1995-2005). He publishes on 19th- and 20th-century Continental philosophy (especially Dilthey, Heidegger, and the hermeneutics of science), the history of positivism (especially Comte and Mill, and the connection between classical positivism and recent analytic philosophy), and the philosophy of technology. He is currently finishing a book manuscript, “How History Matters to Philosophy” and a collection of essays on Heidegger and technology, and editing a Blackwell Guidebook Series volume on Heidegger’s Being and Time.Val Dusek is Professor of Philosophy at the University of New Hampshire. His research focuses on the history and philosophy of science and technology, with a particular interest in the social factors influencing scientific and technological development. He has written on non-mainstream philosophical influences (Asiatic, hermetic, romantic) on the history of electro-magnetic theory. His numerous publications include Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction (Wiley-Blackwell, 2006) and co-editorship of the first edition of this volume.

• Source Acknowledgments ixIntroduction to the Second Edition xiiiPart I The Historical Background 1Introduction 31 On Dialectic and “Technē” 9Plato2 On “Technē” and “Epistēmē” 19Aristotle3 The Greek Concepts of “Nature” and “Technique” 25Wolfgang Schadewaldt4 On the Idols, the Scientific Study of Nature, and the Reformation of Education 33Francis Bacon5 Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View 47Immanuel Kant6 The Nature and Importance of the Positive Philosophy 54Auguste Comte7 On the Sciences and Arts 68Jean-Jacques Rousseau8 Capitalism and the Modern Labor Process 74Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsPart II Philosophy, Modern Science, and Technology 89Positivist and Postpositivist Philosophies of Science 919 The Scientific Conception of the World: The Vienna Circle 101Rudolf Carnap, Hans Hahn, and Otto Neurath10 Paradigms and Anomalies in Science 111Thomas Kuhn11 Experimentation and Scientific Realism 121Ian Hacking12 Hermeneutical Philosophy and Pragmatism: A Philosophy of Science 131Patrick A. Heelan and Jay Schulkin13 What are Cultural Studies of Science? 147Joseph Rouse14 Revaluing Science: Starting from the Practices of Women 161Nancy Tuana15 Is Science Multicultural? 171Sandra Harding16 On Knowledge and the Diversity of Cultures: Comment on Harding 183Shigehisa KuriyamaThe Task of a Philosophy of Technology 18717 Philosophical Inputs and Outputs of Technology 191Mario Bunge18 Analytic Philosophy of Technology 201Maarten Franssen19 On the Aims of a Philosophy of Technology 205Jacques Ellul20 Toward a Philosophy of Technology 210Hans Jonas21 The Technology Question in Feminism: A View from Feminist Technology Studies 224Wendy FaulknerPart III Defining Technology 239Introduction 24122 Conflicting Visions of Technology 249Mary Tiles and Hans Oberdiek23 The Mangle of Practice 260Andrew Pickering24 The Social Construction of Facts and Artifacts 266Trevor J. Pinch and Wiebe E. Bijker25 Actor-Network Theory (ANT) 278Bruno Latour26 Actor-Network Theory: Critical Considerations 289Sergio SismondoPart IV Heidegger on Technology 297Introduction 29927 The Question Concerning Technology 305Martin Heidegger28 On Philosophy’s “Ending” in Technoscience: Heidegger vs. Comte 318Robert C. Scharff29 Focal Things and Practices 329Albert Borgmann30 Heidegger and Borgmann on How to Affirm Technology 350Hubert L. Dreyfus and Charles Spinosa31 Philosophy of Technology at the Crossroads: Critique of Heidegger and Borgmann 362Andrew FeenbergPart V Technology and Human Ends 375Human Beings as “Makers” or “Tool-Users”? 37732 Tool Users vs. Homo Sapiens and the Megamachine 381Lewis Mumford33 The “Vita Activa” and the Modern Age 389Hannah Arendt34 Putting Pragmatism (especially Dewey’s) to Work 406Larry Hickman35 Buddhist Economics 421E. F. SchumacherIs Technology Autonomous? 42636 The “Autonomy” of the Technological Phenomenon 430Jacques Ellul37 Do Machines Make History? 442Robert L. Heilbroner38 The New Forms of Control 449Herbert Marcuse39 Technological Determinism Is Dead; Long Live Technological Determinism 456Sally WyattTechnology, Ecology, and the Conquest of Nature 46740 Mining the Earth’s Womb 471Carolyn Merchant41 The Deep Ecology Movement 482Bill Devall42 Deeper than Deep Ecology: The Eco-Feminist Connection 491Ariel Salleh43 In Defense of Posthuman Dignity 495Nick BostromPart VI Technology as Social Practice 503Technology and the Lifeworld 50544 Cultural Climates and Technological Advance in the Middle Ages 511Lynn White, Jr.45 Three Ways of Being-With Technology 523Carl Mitcham46 A Phenomenology of Technics 539Don Ihde47 Postphenomenology of Technology 561Peter-Paul Verbeek48 Technoscience Studies after Heidegger? Not Yet 573Robert C. ScharffTechnology and Cyberspace 58249 Consciousness in Human and Robot Minds 588Daniel C. Dennett50 Why Heideggerian AI Failed and How Fixing It Would Require Making It More Heideggerian 597Hubert L. Dreyfus51 A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century 610Donna Haraway52 A Moratorium on Cyborgs: Computation, Cognition, and Commerce 631Evan Selinger and Timothy Engström53 Anonymity versus Commitment: The Dangers of Education on the Internet 641Hubert L. DreyfusTechnology, Knowledge, and Power 64854 Panopticism 654Michel Foucault55 Do Artifacts Have Politics? 668Langdon Winner56 The Social Impact of Technological Change 680Emmanuel G. Mesthene57 Technology: The Opiate of the Intellectuals, with the Author’s 2000 Retrospective 693John McDermott58 Democratic Rationalization: Technology, Power, and Freedom 706Andrew Feenberg