This book offers an exploration of how Carnap’s legacy informs and challenges current approaches to philosophical methodology. The volume gathers new essays centered on two themes. The first examines language pluralism and its implications for metaphysics: contributors explore whether and how the choice of linguistic framework shapes or constrains metaphysical disputes, and what becomes of metaphysical realism in a pluralist setting. The second theme concerns theoretical virtues such as simplicity, elegance, and explanatory power, and their role in the justification and evaluation of philosophical theories. Across both themes, the volume reflects on the continuing relevance of Carnapian ideas while also pressing beyond them, showing how methodological questions remain central to the practice of philosophy today.