Penal Reform in Overcrowded Times

• ContributorsIntroduction: Penal Policies at the Beginning of the Twenty-First CenturyThe Importance of Penal PolicyThe Determinants of Penal PolicyThe Transferability of Penal PolicyThe Spread of InnovationOne: Penal Developments in AmericaThe Punitiveness StoryThe Sentencing StoryThe Fragmntation StoryThe United StatesMichael Tonry: U.S. Sentencing Systems FragmentingKevin R. Reitz: The Status of Sentencing Guideline Reforms in the United StatesKatherine Beckett: Political Preoccupation with Crime Leads, Not Follows, Public OpinionKatherine Beckett and Bruce Western: The Penal System as Labor Market Institution: Jobs and Jails, 1980-1995Michael Tonry: Why are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High?Early State Guidelines SystemsRichard D. Van Wagenen: Washington State Sentencing Changes, 1994-1997Fritz Rauschenberg: Ohio Guidelines Take EffectCynthia Kempinen: Pennsylvania Revises Sentencing GuidelinesNorth CarolinaRonald F. Wright: North Carolina Prepares for Guidelines SentencingRobin L. Lubitz: Sentencing Changes in North CarolinaRonald F. Wright: Flexibility in North Carolina Structured Sentencing, 1995-1997Two: Penal Developments in Europe and JapanAndré Kuhn: Incarceration Rates across the WorldScandinaviaBritta Kyvsgaard: Penal Sanctions and the Use of Imprisonment in DenmarkNils Jareborg: Sentencing Law, Policy, and Patterns in SwedenPaul Larsson: Norway Prison Use Up Slightly, Community Penalties LotsPatrik Törnudd: Sentencing and Punishment in FinlandTapio Lappi-Seppälä: Recent Trends in Finnish Sentencing PolicyGermanyHans-Jörg Albrecht: Sentencing and Punishment in GermanyFranceAnnie Kensey and Pierre Tournier: French Prison Numbers Stable since 1988, but Populations ChangingNetherlandsPeter J. P. Tak: Sentencing and Punishment in the NetherlandsPeter J. P. Tak and Anton M. van Kalmthout: Prison Population Growing Faster in the Netherlands than in the United StatesGerrit Scurer and Reinier van Loon: The Netherlands Adopts Numerical Prosecution GuidelinesAnton M. van Kalmthout and Peter J. P. Tak: New Sanctions Proliferating in the NetherlandsJosine Junger-Tas: Dutch Penal Policies Changing DirectionSwitzerlandMartin Killias, Marcelo F. Aebi, André Kuhn, and Simone Rônez: Sentencing in Switzerland in 2000JapanPrison Population in Japan Stable for 30 YearsThree: Penal Developments in English-Speaking CountriesAustraliaArie Freiberg: Sentencing and Punishment in Australia in the 1990sArie Freiberg: Prison Populations Up, Sentencing Policy Harsher in AustraliaArie Freiberg: Understanding Rising Prison Populations in AustraliaCanadaJulian V. Roberts: Reforming Sentencing and Parole in CanadaJane B. Sprott and Anthony N. Doob: Imprisonment Rates in Canada: One Law, 10 OutcomesEngland/WalesAndrew Ashworth: New Sentencing Laws Take Effect in EnglandRod Morgan: English Penal Policies and Prisons: Going for BrokeMichael Hough and Julian V. Roberts: English Believe Sentences Soft and Crime RisingRod Morgan: Imprisonment in England and Wales: Flood Tide, but on the Turn?Andrew Ashworth: English Sentencing: From Enlightenment to Darkness in a DecadeIrelandIan O'Donnell: Sentencing and Punishment in IrelandReferencesAcknowledgments

"This book provides the reader with a wealth of information and insight into the sentencing practices of a range of criminal justice systems." --The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice"Michael Tonry's book succeeds in providing useful information and analyses of fourteen countries. The book is very useful in positing theories and raising questions about the roles of politics, public opinion, and other social factors in shaping developments affecting criminal punishments." --Law and Politics Book Review"This book provides the reader with a wealth of information and insight into the sentencing practices of a range of criminal justice systems." --The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice"Michael Tonry's book succeeds in providing useful information and analyses of fourteen countries. The book is very useful in positing theories and raising questions about the roles of politics, public opinion, and other social factors in shaping developments affecting criminal punishments." --Law and Politics Book Review