Atsushi Yasutomi is Associate Professor at the Department of Social System Design, Eikei University of Hiroshima, Japan.Rosalie Arcala Hall is Professor of Political Science at the University of the Philippines Visayas.Saya Kiba is Associate Professor of Political Science at Kobe City University of Foreign Studies, Japan.

• Introduction 1. Characterizing Irregular Forces 2. Pathways for Irregular Forces 3. Non-state Violence and Political Order in Democratized Indonesia 4. The Post-conflict Pathways of the Irregular Forces in Timor-Leste 5. The Grey Zone of Irregular Forces: Politically Sanctioned, Local Defense, and Organized Crime Groups in the Philippines 6. Between legal and legit: local security arrangements between state security actors and irregular forces in Bangsamoro region, Philippines 7. Frontline Informality: Paramilitary Forces and Progovernment Militias in Thailand’s Deep South Counter-insurgency 8. Security Governance in Southeast Asia: Security Sector Reform with Nonstate Actors 9. Conclusion

"This fascinating collection focuses on irregular forces – militias, private armed groups, youth gangs and martial arts groups – in Southeast Asian cases that include the Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Indonesia. Rather than examining these forces from the perspective of states, the individual essays as the volume as a whole suggest looking at them as phenomena rooted into local circumstances, as entities that are not simply informal or illegal entities but have communal roles. The essays are thus devoted to their organizational structure and dynamics to show how they adapt to changing social and political conditions and proceed along evolutionary paths; towards less use of armed force and intimidation, weakening and dissolution or transformation into other social and political forms. Of especial significance are five general essays that frame the case studies by offering general comparative and theoretical directions as well as suggestions for reform. This book will be indispensable for any scholar interested in irregular forces both in the region and outside it."---Eyal Ben-Ari, Kinneret Academic College, Center for Security, Society and Peace "This is an important book that goes beyond the binary of state and anti-state forces to consider the political, economic, and sociological details of irregular armed groups. Overgeneralization and a military lens have impaired our understanding of armed groups. Western military forays into anthropology in the service of counter-insurgency "human terrain analysis" have been unhelpful.Yasutomi et al have pioneered a much more promising approach toward respectful and inclusive peace processes, disarmament, and reform of security sector governance.The micro-sociological approach by Yasutomi et al demonstrates that armed irregular forces can play positive roles in peace processes, despite typically being portrayed as spoilers. These roles are linked to the governance and security needs of differentiated communities. In addition to rebel groups, South East Asia sees irregular forces engaged by governments, veterans’ groups, martial arts groups, and ritual arts groups. Clan, family, and criminal networks add to the complexity of managing human needs for security, reliable governance, and trust in local decision-making. Yasutomi and colleagues identify three pathways for demobilization and SSR: continued violence, dissolution, and adaptation to new circumstances. All three offer interesting possibilities for demobilization, security sector governance and reform. Readable, well-documented, building on fieldwork and deep first-hand knowledge, this book has implications far beyond South East Asia with its fundamental insights about irregular forces and their connections to society."---David Last, CD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Royal Military College of Canada

Atsushi Yasutomi is Associate Professor at the Department of Social System Design, Eikei University of Hiroshima, Japan.Rosalie Arcala Hall is Professor of Political Science at the University of the Philippines Visayas.Saya Kiba is Associate Professor of Political Science at Kobe City University of Foreign Studies, Japan.

• Introduction 1. Characterizing Irregular Forces 2. Pathways for Irregular Forces 3. Non-state Violence and Political Order in Democratized Indonesia 4. The Post-conflict Pathways of the Irregular Forces in Timor-Leste 5. The Grey Zone of Irregular Forces: Politically Sanctioned, Local Defense, and Organized Crime Groups in the Philippines 6. Between legal and legit: local security arrangements between state security actors and irregular forces in Bangsamoro region, Philippines 7. Frontline Informality: Paramilitary Forces and Progovernment Militias in Thailand’s Deep South Counter-insurgency 8. Security Governance in Southeast Asia: Security Sector Reform with Nonstate Actors 9. Conclusion

"This fascinating collection focuses on irregular forces – militias, private armed groups, youth gangs and martial arts groups – in Southeast Asian cases that include the Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Indonesia. Rather than examining these forces from the perspective of states, the individual essays as the volume as a whole suggest looking at them as phenomena rooted into local circumstances, as entities that are not simply informal or illegal entities but have communal roles. The essays are thus devoted to their organizational structure and dynamics to show how they adapt to changing social and political conditions and proceed along evolutionary paths; towards less use of armed force and intimidation, weakening and dissolution or transformation into other social and political forms. Of especial significance are five general essays that frame the case studies by offering general comparative and theoretical directions as well as suggestions for reform. This book will be indispensable for any scholar interested in irregular forces both in the region and outside it."---Eyal Ben-Ari, Kinneret Academic College, Center for Security, Society and Peace "This is an important book that goes beyond the binary of state and anti-state forces to consider the political, economic, and sociological details of irregular armed groups. Overgeneralization and a military lens have impaired our understanding of armed groups. Western military forays into anthropology in the service of counter-insurgency "human terrain analysis" have been unhelpful.Yasutomi et al have pioneered a much more promising approach toward respectful and inclusive peace processes, disarmament, and reform of security sector governance.The micro-sociological approach by Yasutomi et al demonstrates that armed irregular forces can play positive roles in peace processes, despite typically being portrayed as spoilers. These roles are linked to the governance and security needs of differentiated communities. In addition to rebel groups, South East Asia sees irregular forces engaged by governments, veterans’ groups, martial arts groups, and ritual arts groups. Clan, family, and criminal networks add to the complexity of managing human needs for security, reliable governance, and trust in local decision-making. Yasutomi and colleagues identify three pathways for demobilization and SSR: continued violence, dissolution, and adaptation to new circumstances. All three offer interesting possibilities for demobilization, security sector governance and reform. Readable, well-documented, building on fieldwork and deep first-hand knowledge, this book has implications far beyond South East Asia with its fundamental insights about irregular forces and their connections to society."---David Last, CD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Royal Military College of Canada

Atsushi Yasutomi is Associate Professor at the Department of Social System Design, Eikei University of Hiroshima, Japan.Rosalie Arcala Hall is Professor of Political Science at the University of the Philippines Visayas.Saya Kiba is Associate Professor of Political Science at Kobe City University of Foreign Studies, Japan.

• Introduction 1. Characterizing Irregular Forces 2. Pathways for Irregular Forces 3. Non-state Violence and Political Order in Democratized Indonesia 4. The Post-conflict Pathways of the Irregular Forces in Timor-Leste 5. The Grey Zone of Irregular Forces: Politically Sanctioned, Local Defense, and Organized Crime Groups in the Philippines 6. Between legal and legit: local security arrangements between state security actors and irregular forces in Bangsamoro region, Philippines 7. Frontline Informality: Paramilitary Forces and Progovernment Militias in Thailand’s Deep South Counter-insurgency 8. Security Governance in Southeast Asia: Security Sector Reform with Nonstate Actors 9. Conclusion

"This fascinating collection focuses on irregular forces – militias, private armed groups, youth gangs and martial arts groups – in Southeast Asian cases that include the Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Indonesia. Rather than examining these forces from the perspective of states, the individual essays as the volume as a whole suggest looking at them as phenomena rooted into local circumstances, as entities that are not simply informal or illegal entities but have communal roles. The essays are thus devoted to their organizational structure and dynamics to show how they adapt to changing social and political conditions and proceed along evolutionary paths; towards less use of armed force and intimidation, weakening and dissolution or transformation into other social and political forms. Of especial significance are five general essays that frame the case studies by offering general comparative and theoretical directions as well as suggestions for reform. This book will be indispensable for any scholar interested in irregular forces both in the region and outside it."---Eyal Ben-Ari, Kinneret Academic College, Center for Security, Society and Peace "This is an important book that goes beyond the binary of state and anti-state forces to consider the political, economic, and sociological details of irregular armed groups. Overgeneralization and a military lens have impaired our understanding of armed groups. Western military forays into anthropology in the service of counter-insurgency "human terrain analysis" have been unhelpful.Yasutomi et al have pioneered a much more promising approach toward respectful and inclusive peace processes, disarmament, and reform of security sector governance.The micro-sociological approach by Yasutomi et al demonstrates that armed irregular forces can play positive roles in peace processes, despite typically being portrayed as spoilers. These roles are linked to the governance and security needs of differentiated communities. In addition to rebel groups, South East Asia sees irregular forces engaged by governments, veterans’ groups, martial arts groups, and ritual arts groups. Clan, family, and criminal networks add to the complexity of managing human needs for security, reliable governance, and trust in local decision-making. Yasutomi and colleagues identify three pathways for demobilization and SSR: continued violence, dissolution, and adaptation to new circumstances. All three offer interesting possibilities for demobilization, security sector governance and reform. Readable, well-documented, building on fieldwork and deep first-hand knowledge, this book has implications far beyond South East Asia with its fundamental insights about irregular forces and their connections to society."---David Last, CD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Royal Military College of Canada