Pathology at a Glance

Barry Newell, consultant histopathologist, St George’s Hospital, London Asma Z. Faruqi, consultant histocytopathologist, Barts Health NHS Trust Caroline Finlayson, erstwhile consultant histopathologist, St George’s Hospital, London

• Preface 8Abbreviations 9Introduction1 The normal human cell 142 Fluid dynamics 18Tissue damage3 Tissue types and the effect of tissue damage 224 Cell death 265 Harmful agents in the environment 286 The effects of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs 327 Nutritional disorders 36Inflammation and immunity8 The body’s natural defences 409 B cells and immunoglobulins 4410 T cells and the TCR 4611 The major histocompatibility complex 5012 Primary and secondary lymphoid organs and the monocyte–macrophage (reticuloendothelial) system 5213 Acute inflammation 5614 Chronic inflammation 6015 Wound healing and repair 6216 Infection and immunodeficiency 6417 Shock 6818 Tolerance and autoimmune disease 7219 Hypersensitivity reactions 7620 Overview of inflammation and immunity 80Genetics21 Cell division 8422 Genetic disease 86Neoplasia23 Disordered cell growth 9224 Basic concepts in neoplasia 9625 Tumorigenesis and oncogenesis 10026 Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes 10227 Common carcinoma histological subtypes 10628 Tumour prognosis and treatment 108Methods in histocytopathology29 Basic techniques in histopathology 11230 Cytopathology 11631 Molecular pathology 118Multisystems disease32 Sarcoidosis and syphilis 12233 Wilson’s disease and haemochromatosis 12434 Systemic vasculitis 126Cardiovascular disease35 Normal blood vessels and types of aneurysm 13036 Congenital heart disease 13437 Systemic hypertension 13638 Atherosclerosis 13839 Coronary heart disease 14240 Thrombosis 14641 Embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation 15042 Cardiac valvular disease 15443 Myocardial and pericardial disease 156Respiratory disease44 Pulmonary vascular disorders 16045 Pneumonia 16246 Bronchiectasis 16447 Tuberculosis 16648 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 17049 Fibrosing alveolitis 17250 Primary lung carcinoma 17451 Other tumours of the lung and pleura 176Gastrointestinal tract disease52 Malabsorption 18053 Peptic ulceration and Helicobacter pylori 18454 Oesophageal disease 18855 Tumours of the stomach and small intestine 19256 Mechanical disease of the gastrointestinal tract 19657 Inflammatory bowel disease: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease 19858 Colorectal polyps, colorectal cancer and anal carcinoma 202Hepatic and pancreaticobiliary disease59 Normal liver and the effects of liver damage 20860 Jaundice, gallstones and carcinoma of the gallbladder 21061 Fatty liver disease: alcoholic and non-alcoholic 21262 Autoimmune liver disease: AIH, PBC, PSC 21663 Viral hepatitis 22064 Cirrhosis 22465 Acute and chronic pancreatitis 22866 Tumours of the liver, biliary tree and pancreas 232Genitourinary tract disease67 Congenital and inherited abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract 23668 The nephron and renal aspects of hypertension 24069 Glomerulonephritis 24270 Important types of glomerulonephritis 24471 Tubulointerstitial diseases 24872 Renal neoplasms 25273 Bladder tumours 25474 Testicular cancer 25675 Prostatic disease 258Gynaecological and obstetric disease76 Vulval and vaginal pathology 26277 Cervical cancer 26678 Benign uterine conditions 27079 Uterine malignancies 27280 Ovarian neoplasia: part one 27481 Ovarian neoplasia: part two 27882 Obstetric pathology 28083 Paediatric tumours 284Nervous system disease84 Cerebrovascular accidents 28885 Cerebrovascular accident syndromes 29086 Raised intracranial pressure 29287 Traumatic injury and intracranial haemorrhage 29488 Central nervous system tumours 29689 Infections of the nervous system 29890 Movement disorders 30091 Acquired disorders of myelination 30492 Dementia 306Endocrine disease93 Pituitary pathology 31094 Non-neoplastic pathology of the thyroid 31295 Thyroid neoplasms 31496 Parathyroid gland pathology 31697 Adrenal pathology 31898 Diabetes mellitus 320Head and neck pathology99 Head and neck pathology 324Lymphoreticular disease100 Assorted haematological conditions 328101 Leukaemia 330102 Lymphoma 332103 Myeloma 336104 Myeloproliferative disorders 338Musculoskeletal disease105 Muscle disorders 342106 Arthritis 344107 Miscellaneous non-neoplastic osteoarticular pathology 348108 Bone tumours 352Skin disease109 Inflammatory dermatoses 356110 Benign skin tumours 358111 Malignant skin tumours 360Breast disease112 Benign breast disease 364113 Breast carcinoma 366Case studies and questions 368Answers 373Glossary 378Reference ranges 380Index 381