Particle Physics

Professor Brian R Martin, Emeritus, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, UKBrian Martin was a full-time member of staff of the Department of Physics & Astronomy at UCL from 1968 to 1995, including a decade from 1994 to 2004 as Head of the Department. He retired in 2005 and now holds the title of Emeritus Professor of Physics. He has extensive experience of teaching undergraduate mathematics classes at all levels and experience of other universities via external examining for first degrees at Imperial College and Royal Holloway College London. He was also the external member of the General Board of the Department of Physics at Cambridge University that reviewed the whole academic programme of that department, including teaching.Dr Graham Shaw, School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Manchester, UKGraham Shaw (http://www.hep.man.ac.uk/u/graham/) was a full-time member of staff of the School of Physics & Astronomy at Manchester University until September 2009. He continued to teach part-time until September 2012 and currently holds an honorary position in the department. He has extensive experience of teaching undergraduate physics and the associated mathematics and was a member of the school's Teaching Committee and Course Director of the Honours School of Mathematics and Physics for many years.

• Editors’ preface to the Manchester Physics Series xiiiAuthors’ preface xvSuggested Short Course xviiNotes xixPhysical Constants, Conversion Factors and Natural Units xxi1 Some basic concepts 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Antiparticles 31.3 Interactions and Feynman diagrams 91.4 Particle exchange 151.5 Units and dimensions 19Problems 1 222 Leptons and the weak interaction 242.1 Lepton multiplets and lepton numbers 242.2 Leptonic weak interactions 312.3 Neutrino masses and neutrino mixing 35Problems 2 503 Quarks and hadrons 523.1 Quarks 533.2 General properties of hadrons 553.3 Pions and nucleons 583.4 Strange particles, charm and bottom 613.5 Short-lived hadrons 663.6 Allowed and exotic quantum numbers 72Problems 3 754 Experimental methods 774.1 Overview 774.2 Accelerators and beams 794.3 Particle interactions with matter 864.4 Particle detectors 954.5 Detector systems and accelerator experiments 1124.6 Non-accelerator experiments 121Problems 4 1235 Space–time symmetries 1265.1 Translational invariance 1275.2 Rotational invariance 1295.3 Parity 1355.4 Charge conjugation 1425.5 Positronium 1455.6 Time reversal 149Problems 5 1536 The quark model 1556.1 Isospin symmetry 1566.2 The lightest hadrons 1626.3 The L = 0 heavy quark states 1746.4 Colour 1776.5 Charmonium and bottomonium 184Problems 6 1917 QCD, jets and gluons 1937.1 Quantum chromodynamics 1937.2 Electron–positron annihilation 210Problems 7 2158 Quarks and partons 2178.1 Elastic electron scattering: the size of the proton 2178.2 Inelastic electron and muon scattering 2228.3 Inelastic neutrino scattering 2318.4 Other processes 2368.5 Current and constituent quarks 243Problems 8 2469 Weak interactions: quarks and leptons 2489.1 Charged current reactions 2509.2 The third generation 262Problems 9 27410 Weak interactions: electroweak unification 27610.1 Neutral currents and the unified theory 27710.2 Gauge invariance and the Higgs boson 287Problems 10 30511 Discrete symmetries: C, P, CP and CPT 30811.1 P violation, C violation and CP conservation 30811.2 CP violation and particle–antiparticle mixing 31611.3 CP violation in the standard model 340Problems 11 34312 Beyond the standard model 34612.1 Grand unification 34712.2 Supersymmetry 35412.3 Strings and things 35812.4 Particle physics and cosmology 36012.5 Dirac or Majorana neutrinos? 373Problems 12 381A Relativistic kinematics 383A.1 The Lorentz transformation for energy and momentum 383A.2 The invariant mass 385A.2.1 Beam energies and thresholds 385A.2.2 Masses of unstable particles 387A.3 Transformation of the scattering angle 388Problems A 390B Amplitudes and cross-sections 392B.1 Rates and cross-sections 392B.2 The total cross-section 394B.3 Differential cross-sections 395B.4 The scattering amplitude 397B.5 The Breit–Wigner formula 400B.5.1 Decay distributions 401B.5.2 Resonant cross-sections 404Problems B 406C The isospin formalism 408C.1 Isospin operators 409C.2 Isospin states 411C.3 Isospin multiplets 411C.3.1 Hadron states 412C.4 Branching ratios 414C.5 Spin states 416Problems C 416D Gauge theories 418D.1 Electromagnetic interactions 419D.2 Gauge transformations 420D.3 Gauge invariance and the photon mass 421D.4 The gauge principle 423D.5 The Higgs mechanism 425D.5.1 Charge and current densities 425D.5.2 Spin-0 bosons 427D.5.3 Spontaneous symmetry breaking 428D.6 Quantum chromodynamics 429D.7 Electroweak interactions 434D.7.1 Weak isospin 434D.7.2 Gauge invariance and charged currents 436D.7.3 The unification condition 437D.7.4 Spin structure and parity violation 440Problems D 441E Answers to selected questions 443References 448Index 451