Organic Polymers in Energy-Environmental Applications

Dr. Ramesh Oraon is an Assistant Professor, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.Dr. Pardeep Singh is an Assistant professor, Department of Environmental Science, PGDAV College University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.Dr. Sanchayita Rajkhowa is an Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Haflong Government College, Assam, India.Dr. Sangita Agarwal is an Associate Professor, Department of Applied Science, RCC Institute of Information Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal.Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh is currently working as a Chief Engineer in the Central Public Works Department (CPWD), Government of India.

• Preface xxiAcknowledgments xxv1 Organic Polymers: Past and the Present 1Jyotirmoy Sarma, Subhasish Roy, Bhaskar Sharma, Fredy A. Madukkakuzhy, Monjumoni Das, and Pallabi Borah1.1 Introduction and History of Polymers 11.2 Classification of Organic Polymers 61.3 Synthesis and Properties of Polymers 121.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 312 Basics of Polymerizations and Application Toward Organic Materials 37Abhijit Mahanta, Arpita Joarder, Neha Khetawat, Dipjyoti Dutta, Panchanan Puzari, and Rekha R. Dutta2.1 Introduction 372.2 Preparation of Covalent Organic Framework (COF) 392.3 Application Toward Organic Materials 462.4 Conclusions 503 Organic Polymers Fabrication for Solar Cells 55Sudeshna Kalita, Hemanta Singhania, and Anup Singhania3.1 Introduction 553.2 Organic Solar Cells 573.3 The Role of Organic Polymers in Solar Cells and Their Recent Progress 663.4 Conclusion 794 Supercapacitor Energy Storage Incorporating Conjugated Microporous Polymer 93Benjamin Raj, Arun Kumar Padhy, Atimanyu Dey, Ramesh Oraon, and Mamata Mohapatra4.1 Introduction 934.2 Microporous Polymer Material 954.3 Conclusion 1075 Modification of Surface Properties of Polymeric Materials: Methodological Approaches and Applications 111Akhi Das, Swrangsi Goyary, Sukanya Gogoi, Swaraj Pathak, and Nilamoni Nath5.1 Introduction 1115.2 Physical Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 1135.3 Chemical Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 1155.4 Plasma Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 1195.5 Corona Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 1225.6 UV Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 1275.7 Surface Patterning Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 1295.8 Thermal Annealing Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 1375.9 Conclusion 1386 Organic Polymers as Potential Catalysts 153Saponjeet Borah, Rajkanya Das, Bitap R. Thakuria, Pulakesh Das, and Bedanta Gogoi6.1 Introduction 1536.2 Recent Development of Porous Organic Polymer (POP) 1566.3 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Heterogeneous Catalysis 1576.4 Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization (RDRP) 1626.5 Coordination Polymerization 1636.6 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)-Based Heterogeneous Catalysis 1636.7 Polymer-Based Homogeneous Catalysis 1686.8 Conclusion 1697 Environmental Fate of Water-Soluble Cellulosic-Polymer-Based Composites 175Bugra K. Debbarma, Sanghamitra Deka, Darshan Pegu, Golam Mohiuddin, and Prasanta Baishya7.1 Introduction 1757.2 Starch: A Widely KnownWater-Soluble Polymer 1777.3 Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) 1857.4 Properties ofWater-Soluble Polymer-Based Composites 1897.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 1928 Future Roadmap of Organic Polymers 201Chanchal Bhardwaj, Manisha Sharma, Pinki R. Agrawal, Chankit Kaushik, Rahul Sharma, and A.K. Sharma8.1 Introduction 2018.2 Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity 2038.3 Conclusion 2089 Covalent-Organic Frameworks (COF): An Advanced Generation of Reticular Organic Polymers for Energy and Environmental Applications 215Adhithya Ravi, Athira J. Ajith, and Abhijeet K. Chaudhari9.1 Introduction 2159.2 Synthesis 2169.3 COFs as Thin Films 2169.4 Polygon Skeletons 2179.5 Pore Engineering 2179.6 Thermal Stability 2239.7 Advantages Over Conventional Polymers 2239.8 Backbone Modifications 2239.9 Functional Group Changes 2259.10 COFs on Different Scales 2269.11 Terracotta Process 2269.12 Pyrolysis of COFs 2269.13 COFs in Mitigation of Pollutants and Organic Dyes 2279.14 COFs for Energy Applications 2289.15 COFs in Batteries and Supercapacitors 2309.16 Batteries 2319.17 Supercapacitors 2349.18 Electrochemical Sensors 2359.19 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) 2369.20 Conclusion 23610 A Multifunctional Polymer - POLYOX - and Its Uses as a Novel Drug-Delivery System 243Preeta Bose, Dibya Das, Devlina Pal, Pintu K. De, and Himangshu S. Maji10.1 Introduction 24310.2 Advantages of Using POLYOX 24510.3 Physical and Chemical Constituents 24510.4 Release Mechanism 24910.5 Ocular Drug Administration 25110.6 Drug Delivery for the Gastroretentive System 25210.7 Film with a Fast Turnaround Time 25310.8 Extended Duration of Effect 25410.9 Regulatory Aspects of POLYOX 25510.10 The Consistency of POLYOX 25510.11 Conclusion 25611 Green Synthesis of Polymers and Its Application in Industry 261Raja Chakraverty, Dibya Das, and Tatini Debnath11.1 Introduction 26111.2 Polymer 26211.3 The Difference Between Degradable and Biodegradable Polymer 26612 Organic Polymers and Their Role in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industries 279Raja Chakraverty, Dibya Das, and Tatini Debnath12.1 Natural Polymers: Inorganic and Organic 27912.2 Synthetic Organic Polymers 27912.3 Synthetic Polymers in Everyday Use 28012.4 Synthetic Polymers Types 28012.5 Addition Reactions 28212.6 Polymerization Method 28412.7 Polymers and Their Uses in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industry 28612.8 Polymeric Hydrogels 28612.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 28712.10 Future Scope 29113 Current Trends in Organic Polymers and Nutraceutical Delivery 293Sudeepto Biswas, Senjuti Bhattacharjee, Sukanta Roy, Dibya Das, Sourav Das, Panchali Dasgupta, Himangshu S. Maji, Subhasish Mondal, and Anirbandeep Bose13.1 Introduction 29313.2 Current Advancements in the Polymeric Delivery System for Nutraceuticals 29613.3 Scope of Developing New Polymeric Nutraceutical Delivery 30713.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 30814 Conducting Organic Polymers Used in Biosensors for Diagnostic and Pharmaceutical Applications 313Ritambhara Dash, Aritri Das, and Arnab S. Bhattacharyya14.1 Introduction 31314.2 Processibility and Sensitivity Issues 31414.3 Side Chain and π-Electron Backbone 31414.4 Polarons, Bipolarons, and Solitons 31514.5 Doping in CPs 31614.6 CPs for Biosensing 31714.7 Oxidation and Charge Transfer 31814.8 Color Change in PDA Polymers 31814.9 Ionic Detection 31914.10 Conductometry 32114.11 Enzyme Entrapment 32114.12 DNA Sensing 32214.13 Hydrogel-Based Biosensors 32214.14 Urea and Melamine Detection 32314.15 Summary 32315 Organic-Polymer-Based Photodetectors: Mechanism and Device Fabrication 333Nasrin Sultana, Indranee Hazarika, and Bedanta Gogoi15.1 Introduction 33315.2 Organic-Polymer-Based Photodetector 33715.3 Conclusion 34816 Organic-Solvent-Resistant Polymeric Membranes for Emerging Application in Separation Science 355Chinmoy Bhuyan, Prarthana Bora, Parashmoni Rajguru, Achyut Konwar, and Swapnali Hazarika16.1 Introduction 35516.2 Importance of Organic Polymers in Separation Science 35616.3 OSR Membranes: Materials and Classifications 35716.4 Types of Membrane Used for the Treatment of Organic Solvent 35916.5 Modifications in Designing Membrane for Organic Solvent Purification 36116.6 Application of OSR Polymeric Membranes in Different Industrial Processes 36516.7 Commercial OSR membrane 36816.8 Current Status of OSR Membrane 37016.9 Conclusion 37117 Biodegradable Organic Polymers for Environmental Protection and Remediation 381Adhithya S. Santhosh, Sreehari Suresh, Mridul Umesh, Liya M. Stanly, Sneha Grigary, and Nilina James17.1 Introduction 38117.2 Role of Organic Biodegradable Polymers in Environmental Bioremediation 38317.3 Conclusion 39518 Application of Organic Polymers in Agriculture 403Deepak Kumar, Nandni Sharma, Raman Tikoria, Sandeep Kour, Mohd. Ali, Parkirti, Roohi Sharma, and Puja Ohri18.1 Introduction 40318.2 Organic Polymers as Soil Conditioners/Stabilizers 40518.3 Organic Polymers and Agrochemicals Delivery 40718.4 Organic Polymer and Heavy Metal Toxicity 40918.5 Organic Polymers and Other Plant Stress 41118.6 Superabsorbent Organic Polymer and Agriculture 41518.7 Conclusion 41919 Porous Organic Polymers as Potential Catalysts 433Manisha Sharma, Chanchal Bhardwaj, Pinki R. Agrawal, Chankit Kaushik, Rahul Sharma, and Ashok. K. Sharma19.1 Introduction 43319.2 Synthesis of POP Catalyst 43419.3 Advantageous Features of POPs 43619.4 Principle 43619.5 Properties and Functions 43719.6 Porous Organic Polymer as the Catalyst 43819.7 Conclusion 44320 Developing Trend in Organic Polymer Science 447Jyoti Sarwan, Arfat P. Dar, Deeksha, Komal Mittal, and Jagadeesh C. Bose K20.1 Introduction 44720.2 Applications of Organic Polymers 45120.3 Purification of DrinkingWater 45920.4 Conclusion 45921 Functionalization and Characterization of Organic Polymers 465Ritu Raj, Subhashri Dutta, Rajan Singh, Vikash Kumar, and Gajendra P. Singh21.1 Introduction 46521.2 Synthesis of Functionalized Organic Polymer 46521.3 Transformation of Functional Group 46821.4 Characterization of Functional Organic Polymer 47022 Organic Polymers for Adhesive Applications: History, Progress, and the Future 491Samiran Upadhyaya, Madhabi Devi, Saponjeet Borah, and Neelotpal S. Sarma22.1 Introduction 49122.2 History and Developments 49222.3 Classifications of Adhesives 49422.4 Adhesive Characterization Techniques 49722.5 Adhesive Efficiency and Strength Test 49722.6 Applications of Adhesives 49822.7 Commercial Aspects of Adhesives 50422.8 Advanced Adhesive Formulations for Environment Sustainability and Applications in the Energy Sector 50522.9 Disadvantages of Organic Adhesives 50822.10 Conclusion 50923 Remediation of Environmental Toxins with Porous Organic Molecules 513Shambhawi Singh, Jyoti Sarwan, Shilpa Shalini, Nazim Uddin, Komal Mittal, and Jagadeesh C. Bose K23.1 Introduction 51323.2 Parameters of Oxygen-Rich POPs in Dye Adsorption fromWater Sources 51723.3 TALPOPs Include Reversible Iodine Detection and Extraction 51923.4 Sulfur- and Nitrogen-Rich Hierarchically POPs for Adsorptive Expulsion of Mercury 520  23.5 Novel N-Enriched Covalent Crystalline POPs for Efficient Removal of Cadmium 52123.6 Novel Phenyl-Phosphate-Based POPs for the Elimination of PharmaceuticalWater Contaminants 52223.7 Nano-architecture POPs in the Elimination of Toxic Metal Ions 52423.8 PSM (Post-synthetic Modification) 52523.9 POPs for Gas Extraction, Segregation, and Transformation 52623.10 Hydrogen 52623.11 Methane 52723.12 Carbon Dioxide 52723.13 Conclusion 52824 Versatile Applications of Organic Polymer and Their Prospects 535Shreya Sahani, Jyoti Sarwan, Komal Mittal, Richa Chaurasia, Kanchan Kumari, Nazim Uddin, and Jagadeesh C. Bose K24.1 Introduction 53524.2 Characteristics of Organic Polymer 53724.3 Methods and Preparation 54024.4 Properties and Characteristics of Organic Polymers 54124.5 Types of Organic Polymers 54224.6 Polymeric Co-delivery Systems in Cancer Treatment 54824.7 Recent Clinical Research of Organic Polymers 54924.8 Current Scenario of Organic Polymers 55124.9 Future Perspectives of Organic Polymer 551p>24.10 Conclusion 551 25 Transdermal Drug Delivery and Organic Polymers: Current Scenario and Future Prospects 555Sukanta Roy, Sourav Das, Dibya Das, Himangshu S. Maji, Anirbandeep Bose, Senjuti Bhattacharjee, Sudeepto Biswas, and Subas Chandra Dinda25.1 Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) and Current Scenario 55525.2 Navigating the Complexities of Transdermal Delivery 55625.3 Structural Overview of Transdermal Delivery Systems 55725.4 Exploring Different Organic and Synthetic Polymer-Based Strategies for Transdermal Drug Delivery 56525.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 569References 570Index 577