Order Has Been Carried Out

ALESSANDRO PORTELLI teaches American Literature at the University of Rome, Italy, and is currently advisor to the mayor of Rome for the preservation and promotion of the city's historical memory.

• Acknowledgments Introduction PART I Places and Times Twenty Years: Fascism and Its Discontents Acts of War PART II Resistances Via Rasella The Massacre PART III A Strange Grief: Death, Mourning and Survival in Rome Politics of Memory Born Later

"An extremely readable book. Portelli's work is to be valued not only for the light it casts on an important moment in the history of the Italian Resistance, but also for what it has to say about the history of the working classes in Rome." - Journal of Modern Italian Studies"Alessandro Portelli's The Order Has Been Carried Out is a major work by a scholar who has already helped to form the field of oral history. It is an intricate and compelling account of one of the central events of the German occupation of Rome during World War II, a partisan attack followed by a retaliatory Nazi massacre. Portelli manages to show how an historic event which is supposedly very well-known has in fact been largely hidden under layers of mystification during its constant telling and retelling." - Alexander Stille, author of Future of the Past "Alessandro Portelli, one of the most creative interpreters of oral testimony, explores again the complex intersection of memory, history, consciousness, and ideology, this time in the context of a Nazi massacre in the city of Rome in 1944. What is so startling about the work is the subtle and respectful manner in which the voices of those for whom the memory remains a deep personal scar is interwoven with those for whom the events are simply history. Only someone with the talents of Portelli could weave this kind of textured narrative that highlights the dual nature of the interviewing experience and the ways in which such testimony acts as a text within the continuing discourse about the human condition." - Ronald J. Grele, Former Director, Columbia University Oral History Research Office "This is a remarkable and innovative exploration at the intersection of personal experience, memory, and history. Portelli raises original and profound issues in theory and practice of history-making while letting participants speak their own minds. We join his subjects in reflecting on what it means when loved ones die at the wrong time and in the wrong place, when the causes for which they died fade from memory into history." - David Thelen, Indiana University "In contrast to his well-known volumes of collected essays, Alessandro Portelli's The Order Has Been Carried Out is a sustained book-length history-yet one that draws on and extends the qualities that have earned his earlier work international acclaim. Analytically, meditatively, passionately, and poetically, Portelli explores and documents, as fact and as memory, an episode critical to the history of Italy and World War II and to the postwar world right down to the present. Offering a movingly contemporary meditation on war, death, violence, and political struggle, The Order Has Been Carried Out reminds us that oral history matters because it demonstrates how the past and present necessarily, if not comfortably, live together within all of us." - Michael Frisch, Professor of History, University at Buffalo, State University of New York In this, his masterpiece, Alessandro Portelli restores memory, and with it oral history, to its proper role in reconstructing the meaning of historical events. Through the telling of a Nazi massacre in Rome during World War II, we have been given a universal story that will permanently change our way of thinking about our past and ourselves -as witnesses and actors in a world increasingly plagued by what Portelli calls the "symmetry" of violence and retribution. - Mary Marshall Clark, Director, the Columbia University Oral History Research Office