Laurens van der Wiel is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Warsaw.

• AcknowledgementsText Editions, Translations, and AbbreviationsIntroductionPart I. Preliminaries1 Authenticity 1.1 The Dedicatory Letter 1.1.1 Writing Style and Content 1.1.2 Plutarch and Trajan 1.1.3 Conclusion 1.2 The Collection 1.2.1 Hiatus1.2.2 The Origins of the Apophthegms 1.3 Conclusion2 Dating 2.1 Absolute Dating 2.2 Relative Dating: The Collection and the Parallel Lives 2.2.1 The Connection Between the Works 2.2.2 Romans Absent From the Collection 2.2.3 The Relative Chronology 2.3 Conclusion3 Early Imperial Anecdote Collections 3.1 Plutarch’s View on Collections of Sayings and Anecdotes 3.1.1 Gnome, apophthegma, apomnemoneuma, and chreia 3.1.2 Anecdote Collections3.2 Plutarch and Valerius Maximus 3.2.1 The Prefaces 3.2.2 The Structure of the Collections 3.3 ConclusionPart II. A Literary AnalysisIntroduction1 The Dedicatory Letter (172B–E) 1.1 The Dedication (172BC) 1.2 The Apologetic Part (172C–E) 1.3 A Clash between the Two Parts 1.4 Conclusion2 The Letter and the Structure of the Collection 2.1 Apophthegms 2.2 Sections on Historical Figures2.3 Sections on Peoples and Types of Government 2.4 A World History 2.5 Overview3 The Monarchical Sections (172E–184F) 3.1 Persian Despotism (172E–174B) 3.1.1 Cyrus (172EF) 3.1.2 Darius (172F–173B) 3.1.3 Xerxes (173BC) 3.1.4 Four Sections on Artaxerxes Mnemon (173D–174B) 3.1.5 Memnon (174B) 3.2 The Egyptian Kings (174C) 3.3 Barbarian Disarray (174C–F) 3.4 Sicilian Tyranny (175A–177A) 3.4.1 Gelon and Hiero (175A–C) 3.4.2 The Dionysii (175C–176E) 3.4.3 Dion and Agathocles (176E–177A)3.5 Macedonian Monarchy (177A–184F) 3.5.1 Archelaus (177AB) 3.5.2 Philippus (177C–179C) 3.5.3 Alexander (179D–181F) 3.5.4 The Diadochi (181F–184F)4 The Greeks of the Core Mainland (184F–194E) 4.1 The Athenians (184F–189D) 4.1.1 Love of Honour and Justice (184F–186F) 4.1.2 Four Generals, Two Orators (186F–187E) 4.1.3 Phocion (187E–189B) 4.1.4 Peisistratus and Demetrius of Phalerum (189B–D) 4.2 The Spartans (189D–192C) 4.2.1 Early Sparta (189D–190A) 4.2.2 A Period of Wars (190A–D) 4.2.3 Lysander (190D–F) 4.2.4 Agesilaus (190F–191D) 4.2.5 Nine Short Sections (191D–192C) 4.3 The Thebans (192C–194E) 4.3.1 Epameinondas (192C–194C) 4.3.2 Pelopidas (194C–E)5 The Roman Sections (194E–208A) 5.1 The Conquerors of the Roman Republic (194E–202E) 5.1.1 Manius Curius and Gaius Fabricius (194E–195C) 5.1.2 Fabius Maximus and Scipio Maior (195C–197A) 5.1.3 Titus Quintius Flamininus (197A–D) 5.1.4 A General’s Experience: Three Sections (197D–198D) 5.1.5 Cato Maior (198D–199E)5.1.6 Scipio Minor (199F–201F) 5.1.7 Caecilius Metellus (201F–202A) 5.1.8 Marius, Sulla, and the Civil War (202A–E) 5.2 Gaius Popillius (202E–203A) 5.3 The End of the Roman Republic (203A–206F)5.3.1 Lucullus and Pompeius (203A–204E) 5.3.2 Cicero (204E–205E) 5.3.3 Caesar (205E–206F) 5.4 The Roman Principate: Augustus (206F–208A)Concluding RemarksPart III. A Guide for the EmperorIntroduction1 The Individual Characters 1.1 Moralism and Characterization 1.1.1 Moralism 1.1.2 Characterization 1.1.3 Conclusion: A Collection of Problematic Heroes? 1.2 Negative Exempla 1.2.1 The Prologue to Demetrius–Antonius 1.2.2 Negative Exempla in Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata 1.3 ‘Perfect’ Exempla 1.3.1 The Comparison of Aristeides and Cato Maior 1.3.2 Perfect Exempla in Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata 1.4 Positive Exempla 1.4.1 The Prologue to Pericles–Fabius Maximus 1.4.2 The Prologue to Aemilius–Timoleon 1.4.3 De profectibus in virtute 84B–85C 1.4.4 Positive Exempla in Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata 1.5 Conclusion2 Peoples and Their Rulers 2.1 Three Types of Barbarians2.2 Sicilian Tyranny 2.3 True Monarchy2.4 Other Types of Government 2.5 Conclusion3 A World History 3.1 Plutarch’s ‘End of History’3.2 World History in Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata 3.2.1 Two Paralleled Chronologies 3.2.2 The Driving Force Behind History: φιλοτιμία 3.3 Conclusion: A Warning for the EmperorConcluding RemarksGeneral ConclusionAppendices Appendix I: A Restructuring of the Collection Appendix II: The Collection and the Plutarchan Oeuvre 1 List of Parallel Passages 2 Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata and the Parallel Lives 3 Apophthegms Occurring in Two Other Plutarchan Works Appendix III: The Relative Chronology of the Parallel Lives 1 Methodology 2 The Cross-References: Jones (1966) Revisited 3 Content-Related Criteria 4 ConclusionBibliography Primary Literature Secondary LiteratureIndex locorum

Van der Wiel’s thoughtful, detailed, and meticulous study breaks new ground, and greatly enhances our understanding of the relationship between Plutarch’s dedication letter to Trajan and the 'Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata' collection. He forcefully and persuasively argues for the authenticity of both the letter and the collection. This is unquestionably the most important interpretation of this somewhat neglected aspect of Plutarch’s oeuvre yet published. Mark A. Beck, University of South Carolina

Laurens van der Wiel is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Warsaw.

• AcknowledgementsText Editions, Translations, and AbbreviationsIntroductionPart I. Preliminaries1 Authenticity 1.1 The Dedicatory Letter 1.1.1 Writing Style and Content 1.1.2 Plutarch and Trajan 1.1.3 Conclusion 1.2 The Collection 1.2.1 Hiatus1.2.2 The Origins of the Apophthegms 1.3 Conclusion2 Dating 2.1 Absolute Dating 2.2 Relative Dating: The Collection and the Parallel Lives 2.2.1 The Connection Between the Works 2.2.2 Romans Absent From the Collection 2.2.3 The Relative Chronology 2.3 Conclusion3 Early Imperial Anecdote Collections 3.1 Plutarch’s View on Collections of Sayings and Anecdotes 3.1.1 Gnome, apophthegma, apomnemoneuma, and chreia 3.1.2 Anecdote Collections3.2 Plutarch and Valerius Maximus 3.2.1 The Prefaces 3.2.2 The Structure of the Collections 3.3 ConclusionPart II. A Literary AnalysisIntroduction1 The Dedicatory Letter (172B–E) 1.1 The Dedication (172BC) 1.2 The Apologetic Part (172C–E) 1.3 A Clash between the Two Parts 1.4 Conclusion2 The Letter and the Structure of the Collection 2.1 Apophthegms 2.2 Sections on Historical Figures2.3 Sections on Peoples and Types of Government 2.4 A World History 2.5 Overview3 The Monarchical Sections (172E–184F) 3.1 Persian Despotism (172E–174B) 3.1.1 Cyrus (172EF) 3.1.2 Darius (172F–173B) 3.1.3 Xerxes (173BC) 3.1.4 Four Sections on Artaxerxes Mnemon (173D–174B) 3.1.5 Memnon (174B) 3.2 The Egyptian Kings (174C) 3.3 Barbarian Disarray (174C–F) 3.4 Sicilian Tyranny (175A–177A) 3.4.1 Gelon and Hiero (175A–C) 3.4.2 The Dionysii (175C–176E) 3.4.3 Dion and Agathocles (176E–177A)3.5 Macedonian Monarchy (177A–184F) 3.5.1 Archelaus (177AB) 3.5.2 Philippus (177C–179C) 3.5.3 Alexander (179D–181F) 3.5.4 The Diadochi (181F–184F)4 The Greeks of the Core Mainland (184F–194E) 4.1 The Athenians (184F–189D) 4.1.1 Love of Honour and Justice (184F–186F) 4.1.2 Four Generals, Two Orators (186F–187E) 4.1.3 Phocion (187E–189B) 4.1.4 Peisistratus and Demetrius of Phalerum (189B–D) 4.2 The Spartans (189D–192C) 4.2.1 Early Sparta (189D–190A) 4.2.2 A Period of Wars (190A–D) 4.2.3 Lysander (190D–F) 4.2.4 Agesilaus (190F–191D) 4.2.5 Nine Short Sections (191D–192C) 4.3 The Thebans (192C–194E) 4.3.1 Epameinondas (192C–194C) 4.3.2 Pelopidas (194C–E)5 The Roman Sections (194E–208A) 5.1 The Conquerors of the Roman Republic (194E–202E) 5.1.1 Manius Curius and Gaius Fabricius (194E–195C) 5.1.2 Fabius Maximus and Scipio Maior (195C–197A) 5.1.3 Titus Quintius Flamininus (197A–D) 5.1.4 A General’s Experience: Three Sections (197D–198D) 5.1.5 Cato Maior (198D–199E)5.1.6 Scipio Minor (199F–201F) 5.1.7 Caecilius Metellus (201F–202A) 5.1.8 Marius, Sulla, and the Civil War (202A–E) 5.2 Gaius Popillius (202E–203A) 5.3 The End of the Roman Republic (203A–206F)5.3.1 Lucullus and Pompeius (203A–204E) 5.3.2 Cicero (204E–205E) 5.3.3 Caesar (205E–206F) 5.4 The Roman Principate: Augustus (206F–208A)Concluding RemarksPart III. A Guide for the EmperorIntroduction1 The Individual Characters 1.1 Moralism and Characterization 1.1.1 Moralism 1.1.2 Characterization 1.1.3 Conclusion: A Collection of Problematic Heroes? 1.2 Negative Exempla 1.2.1 The Prologue to Demetrius–Antonius 1.2.2 Negative Exempla in Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata 1.3 ‘Perfect’ Exempla 1.3.1 The Comparison of Aristeides and Cato Maior 1.3.2 Perfect Exempla in Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata 1.4 Positive Exempla 1.4.1 The Prologue to Pericles–Fabius Maximus 1.4.2 The Prologue to Aemilius–Timoleon 1.4.3 De profectibus in virtute 84B–85C 1.4.4 Positive Exempla in Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata 1.5 Conclusion2 Peoples and Their Rulers 2.1 Three Types of Barbarians2.2 Sicilian Tyranny 2.3 True Monarchy2.4 Other Types of Government 2.5 Conclusion3 A World History 3.1 Plutarch’s ‘End of History’3.2 World History in Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata 3.2.1 Two Paralleled Chronologies 3.2.2 The Driving Force Behind History: φιλοτιμία 3.3 Conclusion: A Warning for the EmperorConcluding RemarksGeneral ConclusionAppendices Appendix I: A Restructuring of the Collection Appendix II: The Collection and the Plutarchan Oeuvre 1 List of Parallel Passages 2 Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata and the Parallel Lives 3 Apophthegms Occurring in Two Other Plutarchan Works Appendix III: The Relative Chronology of the Parallel Lives 1 Methodology 2 The Cross-References: Jones (1966) Revisited 3 Content-Related Criteria 4 ConclusionBibliography Primary Literature Secondary LiteratureIndex locorum

Van der Wiel’s thoughtful, detailed, and meticulous study breaks new ground, and greatly enhances our understanding of the relationship between Plutarch’s dedication letter to Trajan and the 'Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata' collection. He forcefully and persuasively argues for the authenticity of both the letter and the collection. This is unquestionably the most important interpretation of this somewhat neglected aspect of Plutarch’s oeuvre yet published. Mark A. Beck, University of South Carolina

Laurens van der Wiel is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Warsaw.

• AcknowledgementsText Editions, Translations, and AbbreviationsIntroductionPart I. Preliminaries1 Authenticity 1.1 The Dedicatory Letter 1.1.1 Writing Style and Content 1.1.2 Plutarch and Trajan 1.1.3 Conclusion 1.2 The Collection 1.2.1 Hiatus1.2.2 The Origins of the Apophthegms 1.3 Conclusion2 Dating 2.1 Absolute Dating 2.2 Relative Dating: The Collection and the Parallel Lives 2.2.1 The Connection Between the Works 2.2.2 Romans Absent From the Collection 2.2.3 The Relative Chronology 2.3 Conclusion3 Early Imperial Anecdote Collections 3.1 Plutarch’s View on Collections of Sayings and Anecdotes 3.1.1 Gnome, apophthegma, apomnemoneuma, and chreia 3.1.2 Anecdote Collections3.2 Plutarch and Valerius Maximus 3.2.1 The Prefaces 3.2.2 The Structure of the Collections 3.3 ConclusionPart II. A Literary AnalysisIntroduction1 The Dedicatory Letter (172B–E) 1.1 The Dedication (172BC) 1.2 The Apologetic Part (172C–E) 1.3 A Clash between the Two Parts 1.4 Conclusion2 The Letter and the Structure of the Collection 2.1 Apophthegms 2.2 Sections on Historical Figures2.3 Sections on Peoples and Types of Government 2.4 A World History 2.5 Overview3 The Monarchical Sections (172E–184F) 3.1 Persian Despotism (172E–174B) 3.1.1 Cyrus (172EF) 3.1.2 Darius (172F–173B) 3.1.3 Xerxes (173BC) 3.1.4 Four Sections on Artaxerxes Mnemon (173D–174B) 3.1.5 Memnon (174B) 3.2 The Egyptian Kings (174C) 3.3 Barbarian Disarray (174C–F) 3.4 Sicilian Tyranny (175A–177A) 3.4.1 Gelon and Hiero (175A–C) 3.4.2 The Dionysii (175C–176E) 3.4.3 Dion and Agathocles (176E–177A)3.5 Macedonian Monarchy (177A–184F) 3.5.1 Archelaus (177AB) 3.5.2 Philippus (177C–179C) 3.5.3 Alexander (179D–181F) 3.5.4 The Diadochi (181F–184F)4 The Greeks of the Core Mainland (184F–194E) 4.1 The Athenians (184F–189D) 4.1.1 Love of Honour and Justice (184F–186F) 4.1.2 Four Generals, Two Orators (186F–187E) 4.1.3 Phocion (187E–189B) 4.1.4 Peisistratus and Demetrius of Phalerum (189B–D) 4.2 The Spartans (189D–192C) 4.2.1 Early Sparta (189D–190A) 4.2.2 A Period of Wars (190A–D) 4.2.3 Lysander (190D–F) 4.2.4 Agesilaus (190F–191D) 4.2.5 Nine Short Sections (191D–192C) 4.3 The Thebans (192C–194E) 4.3.1 Epameinondas (192C–194C) 4.3.2 Pelopidas (194C–E)5 The Roman Sections (194E–208A) 5.1 The Conquerors of the Roman Republic (194E–202E) 5.1.1 Manius Curius and Gaius Fabricius (194E–195C) 5.1.2 Fabius Maximus and Scipio Maior (195C–197A) 5.1.3 Titus Quintius Flamininus (197A–D) 5.1.4 A General’s Experience: Three Sections (197D–198D) 5.1.5 Cato Maior (198D–199E)5.1.6 Scipio Minor (199F–201F) 5.1.7 Caecilius Metellus (201F–202A) 5.1.8 Marius, Sulla, and the Civil War (202A–E) 5.2 Gaius Popillius (202E–203A) 5.3 The End of the Roman Republic (203A–206F)5.3.1 Lucullus and Pompeius (203A–204E) 5.3.2 Cicero (204E–205E) 5.3.3 Caesar (205E–206F) 5.4 The Roman Principate: Augustus (206F–208A)Concluding RemarksPart III. A Guide for the EmperorIntroduction1 The Individual Characters 1.1 Moralism and Characterization 1.1.1 Moralism 1.1.2 Characterization 1.1.3 Conclusion: A Collection of Problematic Heroes? 1.2 Negative Exempla 1.2.1 The Prologue to Demetrius–Antonius 1.2.2 Negative Exempla in Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata 1.3 ‘Perfect’ Exempla 1.3.1 The Comparison of Aristeides and Cato Maior 1.3.2 Perfect Exempla in Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata 1.4 Positive Exempla 1.4.1 The Prologue to Pericles–Fabius Maximus 1.4.2 The Prologue to Aemilius–Timoleon 1.4.3 De profectibus in virtute 84B–85C 1.4.4 Positive Exempla in Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata 1.5 Conclusion2 Peoples and Their Rulers 2.1 Three Types of Barbarians2.2 Sicilian Tyranny 2.3 True Monarchy2.4 Other Types of Government 2.5 Conclusion3 A World History 3.1 Plutarch’s ‘End of History’3.2 World History in Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata 3.2.1 Two Paralleled Chronologies 3.2.2 The Driving Force Behind History: φιλοτιμία 3.3 Conclusion: A Warning for the EmperorConcluding RemarksGeneral ConclusionAppendices Appendix I: A Restructuring of the Collection Appendix II: The Collection and the Plutarchan Oeuvre 1 List of Parallel Passages 2 Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata and the Parallel Lives 3 Apophthegms Occurring in Two Other Plutarchan Works Appendix III: The Relative Chronology of the Parallel Lives 1 Methodology 2 The Cross-References: Jones (1966) Revisited 3 Content-Related Criteria 4 ConclusionBibliography Primary Literature Secondary LiteratureIndex locorum

Van der Wiel’s thoughtful, detailed, and meticulous study breaks new ground, and greatly enhances our understanding of the relationship between Plutarch’s dedication letter to Trajan and the 'Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata' collection. He forcefully and persuasively argues for the authenticity of both the letter and the collection. This is unquestionably the most important interpretation of this somewhat neglected aspect of Plutarch’s oeuvre yet published. Mark A. Beck, University of South Carolina