On Crimes and Punishments

Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) was an Italian philosopher and politician. He is known as one of the founders of modern criminology and penology. In his lifetime he was made chair of law and economy at Palatine College, became a member of the supreme economic council and was elected to the board for the reform of the judicial code all in Milan. Graeme R. Newman is Distinguished Teaching Professor in the School of Criminal Justice at the State University of New York-Albany. He is the author or editor of many books including Super Highway Robbery, The Global Report on Crime and Justice, and Rational Choice and Situational Crime Prevention. Pietro Marongiu is associate professor of criminology in the School of Medicine, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. He is the author of Theory and History of Social Banditry in Sardinia.

• Introduction to the Treatise, A Note on the Text, Biographical Note, On Crimes and Punishments, To the Reader, Introduction, I The Origin of Punishments, II The Right to Punish, III Implications So Far, IV The Interpretation of Laws, V The Obscurity of the Laws, VI The Proportion between Crime and Punishment, VII Errors in the Measurement of Crime, VIII The Classification of Crimes, IX Honor, X Duels, XI Disturbing the Peace, XII The Purpose of Punishment, XIII On Witnesses, XIV Evidence and Forms of Judgment, XV Secret Accusations, XVI Torture, XVII Revenue Authorities, XVIII Oaths, XIX Prompt Punishment, XX Violent Crimes, XXI Punishing Nobles, XXII Theft, XXIII Public Condemnation, XXIV Political Indolence, XXV Banishment and Confiscation, XXVI On the Spirit of the Family, XXVII The Mildness of Punishments, XXVIII The Punishment of Death, XXIX Preventive Detention, XXX Criminal Proceedings, XXXI Crimes Difficult to Prove, XXXII Suicide, XXXIII Smuggling, XXXIV Debtors, XXXV Sanctuaries, XXXVI Bounties, XXXVII Attempts, Accomplices, Pardons, XXXVIII Suggestive Interrogations, Depositions, XXXIX On a Particular Kind of Crime, XL False Ideas of Utility, XLI How to Prevent Crimes, XLII On the Sciences, XLIII Judges, XLIV Rewards, XLV Education, XLVI On Pardons, XLVII Conclusion, Endnotes, References