Oil and Gas Well Cementing for Engineers

Baghir A. Suleimanov is Deputy Director of the “OilGasScientificResearchProject” Institute, SOCAR, Doctor of Technical Sciences and a Corresponding member of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. Elchin F. Veliyev is Manager of Laboratory of Analytical Researches at the “OilGasScientificResearchProject” Institute, SOCAR, Doctor of Philosophy. Azizagha A. Aliyev is Scientific Assistant at the Laboratory of Analytical Researches, “OilGasScientificResearchProject” Institute, SOCAR.

• Foreword xiiiIntroduction xv1 Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Well Cementing 11.1 Oil Well, Its Elements, and Construction 11.2 Objectives of Well Cementing 51.3 Primary Cementing 91.3.1 Single-Stage Cementing with Two Plugs 101.3.2 Two-Stage (Two-Cycle) Cementing 111.3.3 Basket Cementing 121.3.4 Liner Cementing 131.3.5 Reverse Cementing 141.3.6 Cementing Plugs 141.4 History of Oil Well Cementing Technology Development 162 Composition and Classification of Portland Cement 192.1 Chemical Composition 192.2 Portland Cement Manufacturing 222.3 API (American Petroleum Institute) Classification of Portland Cement 242.4 GOST (Russian: ГОСТ) Classification of Portland Cement 293 Cement Additives 313.1 Introduction 313.2 Accelerators 323.3 Retarders 363.3.1 Lignosulfonates 373.3.2 Hydroxycarboxylic Acid 383.3.3 Saccharide Compounds 383.3.4 Cellulose Derivatives 383.3.5 Organophosphonates 393.3.6 Inorganic Compounds 393.4 Extenders 393.4.1 Clays 403.4.2 Sodium Silicate 433.4.3 Pozzolans 433.4.3.1 Diatomaceous Earth (Kieselgur) 443.4.3.2 Fly Ash 443.4.3.3 Lightweight Cementing Slurries 453.4.3.4 Silica (Silicon Dioxide, Quartz) 453.4.4 Lightweight Particles 463.4.4.1 Expanded Perlite 463.4.4.2 Gilsonite (Asphaltum) 463.4.4.3 Powdered Carbon 473.4.4.4 Microspheres 473.4.5 Gas Based Extenders 483.4.5.1 Nitrogen 483.5 Weighting Agents 483.5.1 Ilmenite (Iron Titanium Oxide) 493.5.2 Hematite 493.5.3 Hausmannite 493.5.4 Barite 503.6 Dispersants 503.7 Fluid Loss Agents 533.7.1 Particulate Materials 543.7.2 Water Soluble Polymers 543.8 Lost Circulation Prevention Agents 553.9 Special Cement Additives 553.9.1 Antifoaming Agents (Defoamers) 553.9.2 Strengthening Agents 563.9.3 Radioactive Tracers 563.9.4 Mud Decontamination 574 Special Cement Systems 594.1 Thixotropic Cement 594.2 Expansive Cement 614.3 Freeze-Protected Cement 624.4 Salt-Cement Systems 634.5 Latex-Cement Systems 644.6 Corrosion-Resistant Cement 654.7 BFS Systems 664.8 Engineered Particle-Size Distribution Cements 674.9 Low-Density Cements 694.9.1 Foamed Cement 694.10 Flexible Cement 704.11 Microfine Cements 714.12 Acid-Soluble Cements 724.13 Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics 724.14 Special Cement Systems 734.14.1 Nonaqueous Cement Systems 734.14.2 Storable Cement Slurries 735 Cementing Equipment 755.1 Surface Equipment 755.2 Casing Types 845.2.1 Conductor Casing 865.2.2 Surface Casing 865.2.3 Intermediate Casing 865.2.4 Production Casing 865.2.5 Liner 875.3 Technical Characteristics of Casing 885.3.1 Steel Grades 885.3.2 Strength Characteristics of Casing 915.3.3 Weight Per Unit Length of Tube 945.3.4 Connection Types of Casing 955.4 Casing Hardware 965.4.1 Casing Shoe 965.4.2 Check Valve 995.4.3 Centralizer 1005.4.4 Turbulator and Scratcher 1025.4.5 Cementing Plugs 1035.4.6 Cementing Head 1045.4.7 Screening Devices and Cement Baskets 1055.5 Remedial Cementing Equipment 1065.5.1 Cased – Hole Remedial Cementing Equipment 1065.5.1.1 Packers for Squeeze Cementing Operations in Cased Wells 1065.5.1.2 Wellbore Tools for Tubing Pressure Testing and Pressure Equalization in the String and Annulus 1085.5.2 Open Hole Remedial Cementing Equipment 1086 Primary Cementing 1096.1 Planning 1096.1.1 Depth and Design of the Well 1096.1.2 Reservoir Conditions 1136.1.2.1 Pressure 1136.1.2.2 Temperature 1136.1.3 Drilling Mud Parameters 1146.2 Slurry Selection 1146.2.1 Density 1146.2.2 Compressive Strength and Mechanical Properties 1156.2.3 Formation Temperature 1156.2.4 Cement Slurry Additives 1166.2.5 Cement Slurry Design 1166.3 Theoretical Basis of Mud Displacement 1176.3.1 Preparing the Well for Running Casing 1186.3.2 Theoretical Basis for Assessing Circulation and Displacement Efficiency 1186.3.3 Conditioning the Drilling Mud 1206.3.4 Drilling Mud Displacement 1226.4 Methods of Well Cementing 1246.4.1 Cementing Through Drill Pipes 1256.4.2 Cementing Through Small Diameter (Macaroni) Tubing 1266.4.3 Single-Stage Cementing 1276.5 Multistage Cementing 1286.5.1 Standard Two-Stage Cementing 1286.5.2 Continuous Two-Stage Cementing 1316.5.3 Three-Stage Cementing 1326.6 Liner Cementing 1336.7 Critical Factors in Cementing Operations 1386.7.1 Volume of Cement Slurry 1386.7.2 Displacement of Cement Slurry 1386.7.3 Well Temperature 1396.7.4 Well Pressure 1397 Remedial Cementing 1437.1 Plug Cementing 1447.1.1 Plug Cementing Techniques 1447.1.1.1 The Balance Method 1457.1.1.2 Cement Plug Installation Using a Dump Bailer 1457.1.1.3 Cement Plug Installation Using the Two Plugs Method 1467.1.1.4 Cement Plug Installation with the Use of Coiled Tubing 1467.1.2 Plug Cementing Equipment 1477.1.2.1 Bridge Plug 1477.1.2.2 Tailpipe or Stinger 1487.1.2.3 Diverter 1487.1.2.4 Mechanical Separators 1487.1.3 Slurry Design 1487.1.4 Plug Cementing Evaluation 1497.2 Squeeze Cementing 1497.2.1 Squeeze Cementing Technologies 1527.2.1.1 Classification of Squeeze Cementing Technologies According to Squeezing Pressure 1527.2.1.2 Classification of Squeeze Cementing Technologies Depending on the Method of Injection of Cement Slurry 1537.2.1.3 Classification of Squeeze Cementing Technologies According to the Method of Operation 1547.2.2 Slurry Design 1557.2.2.1 Fluid Loss 1567.2.2.2 Rheology 1577.2.2.3 Thickening Time 1577.2.3 Design and Execution of Squeeze Cementing Operations 1577.2.3.1 Determination of the Cement Slurry Volume 1577.2.3.2 Spacer, Washer, and Displacing Fluids 1587.2.3.3 Determination of Well Injectivity 1597.2.3.4 Main Procedures for Squeeze Cementing Operations 1597.2.4 Analysis and Evaluation of the Squeeze Cementing Job 1608 Cement Job Evaluation 1638.1 Hydraulic Testing 1648.1.1 Pressure Test 1648.1.2 Inflow Test 1678.2 Temperature Log 1678.3 Radioactive Logging 1698.3.1 Pulsed Neutron Logging 1708.3.1.1 Oxygen-Activated Neutron Gamma Method 1718.4 Acoustic Logging 1718.5 Types of Logging Tools 1768.5.1 Cement Bond Log (CBL) 1768.5.2 Radial Acoustic Cement Meter 1778.5.3 Multiple Pad Sonic Tool 1778.5.4 Ultrasonic Tool 1779 Laboratory Testing and Evaluation of Well Cements 1799.1 Preparation of Cement Slurry 1809.2 Test Methods of Cement Slurries 1819.2.1 Density 1819.2.2 Thickening Time 1829.2.3 Fluid Loss 1869.2.4 Free Water 1879.2.5 Sedimentation Test 1889.2.6 Rheological Measurements 1889.2.6.1 Flow Types 1889.2.6.2 Laminar Flow 1899.2.6.3 Turbulent Flow 1909.2.6.4 Basic Rheological Concepts 1909.2.6.5 Rheological Models 1919.2.6.6 Newtonian Fluids 1929.2.6.7 Non-Newtonian Fluids 1929.2.6.8 Power-Law Model 1939.2.6.9 The Bingham Model 1939.2.6.10 Herschel–Bulkley Model 1949.2.7 Static Gel Strength (SGS) 1969.2.8 Flowability of Cement Slurries 1979.3 Test Methods of Cement Stone 1999.3.1 Mechanical Strength of Cement 1999.3.2 Destructive Test (Compressive Strength) 1999.3.2.1 Non-destructive Test (Ultrasonic Measurement) 2009.3.3 Expansion and Shrinkage 2009.3.4 Gas Migration 2029.3.5 Cement Stone Permeability 2029.3.6 Thermophysical Properties of Cement 2029.3.6.1 Thermal Conductivity 2039.3.6.2 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion 2039.4 Laboratory Evaluation of Spacers and Washers 2049.4.1 Compatibility of the Buffer/Washer Fluid with the Drilling Fluid and Cement Slurry 2049.4.2 Efficiency of Wellbore Cleaning with Washer Fluid 2049.5 Chemical Analysis of Mix Water 20510 Typical Calculations for Well Cementing 20710.1 Slurry Preparation Calculations 20710.1.1 Specific Gravity of Cement Slurry 20810.1.2 The Concept of Absolute and Bulk Volumes 20810.1.3 Additive Concentration Calculation 20910.1.4 Density and Yield of the Slurry 21010.1.5 Special Additives 21210.1.5.1 Sodium Salt 21210.1.5.2 Fly Ash 21410.1.5.3 Bentonite 21610.1.5.4 Weighting Agents 21810.2 Primary Cementing Calculation 21810.2.1 Volume of Cement Slurry 22110.2.2 Volume of Displacing Fluid 22110.2.3 Pressure to Place the Cement Plug on the Stop Collar 22210.2.4 Buoyancy 22310.3 Remedial Cementing Calculations 22510.3.1 Plug Cementing Calculations 22510.3.2 Squeeze Cementing 229Annex. Conversion Tables 237Recommended Literature 245Index 247