Nuclear Modernization in the 21st Century

Aiden Warren is Associate Professor of International Relations at RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. He is the 2018–19 Fulbright Scholar in Australia-United States Alliance Studies, sponsored by the Australian Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade (DFAT).Philip M. Baxter is a Research Fellow with the Center for Policy Research at the University of Albany, founder and director of a data analytics and consultancy firm, and a PhD candidate in International Affairs, Science, and Technology at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

• Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: U.S. modernization efforts and the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review Chapter 3: Russia’s nuclear modernization Chapter 4: U.S.-Russian bilateral disarmament Chapter 5: Chinese nuclear strategy Chapter 6: U.S. nuclear weapons modernization and the impact on the nuclear nonproliferation regime Chapter 7: NATO nuclear modernization Chapter 8: Through a crystal ball, dimly: nuclear modernization’s anticipated effects on International Relations theory Chapter 9: Modernization a determent to international security Chapter 10: Modernization as a promoter of international security: the special role of U.S. nuclear weapons Chapter 11: Afterword

"For too long, academia, as well as international policy communities, have spoken in vague terms regarding nuclear modernization. This book provides a much needed, and long overdue, conceptual and comparative study of nuclear modernization in the United States, Russia and China. At a time when so many nuclear weapons states are modernizing their arsenals, and arms control seems to be in decline, this is a must-read for nuclear scholars and practitioners." - Nicola Leveringhaus, King's College London, UK."Warren and Baxter's new collection of essays is good news for scholars, students, and the policy community. The clear-eyed and concisely written chapters provide a rock solid survey of nuclear modernization underway in the US, Russia, and China. The diverse, mostly younger group of scholars and practitioners also examines the implications nuclear modernization may have for nonproliferation, for international security more generally, and perhaps even for international relations. The ladder may seem unlikely, but in a world where efforts to limit and manage nuclear arsenals are being tossed aside, and where the three largest nuclear powers eye the actions of others with suspicion, today's nuclear modernizations may yet prove to be a pathway to a very different future. Some analyst would welcome that outcome, even as others offer warnings, but all of them will find Nuclear Modernization in the 21st Century a useful guide to an uncertain future." - James J. Walsh, MIT, Massachusetts, USA."As a new nuclear arms race looms, this important and timely volume assembles leading experts to provide cutting-edge analyses of the plans and programs of the United States, Russia and China to spend billions of dollars on the modernization of their nuclear arsenals. This will be the go-to volume for understanding the new weapons technologies of the major nuclear-weapons states, as well as the likely impact of these ever more sophisticated and dangerous arsenals on global security, stability, and the prospects for proliferation. It will be essential reading for policymakers and academics alike." - Nina Tannenwald, Brown University, USA."Warren and Baxter have collected the contributions of standout global experts who examine and analyze the nuclear modernization programs underway and on the drawing board in the U.S., Russia and China. Nuclear Modernization in the 21st Century explores the motivations for these programs, their consequences for nuclear deterrence, for future arms control initiatives, for the health of the international nuclear nonproliferation regime, and for pursuit of the elusive goal of strategic stability. Whether one believes nuclear weapons are essential to prevent another Great Power War and must be part of the security equation indefinitely, or that their use under any circumstances is illegal and immoral, those of us who have worked on these issues understand that it is far from a black and white issue. This excellent contribution to the literature and discourse may not change your views, but it will most certainly better inform them." - Ambassador Susan F. Burk, Former Special Representative to the President of the United States for Nuclear Nonproliferation.