Jacques Percebois is Professor Emeritus at the University of Montpellier, France. He is the founder of both CREDEN and a master’s degree in energy economics. He is also the author of several books on energy and has been a member of several national commissions on nuclear energy.Nicolas Thiollière is a nuclear physicist and teacher-researcher at IMT Atlantique, France. He is also attached to the fundamental research laboratory, Subatech. He is a specialist in reactor and fuel cycle modeling.

• Chapter 1 Management of Spent Fuels 1Jacques CANTARELLA, Cécile EVANS, Pierre KUNSCH, Didier LÉONARD and Jean-Paul MINON1.1 Spent fuel management strategies and costs 11.1.1 The different options of the cycle 21.1.2 Characteristics of the cycle options 81.1.3 Economic evaluations 101.1.4 Deep storage as a preferred solution 141.2 Costs and methods of financing radioactive waste management 151.2.1 Introduction 151.2.2 Analysis of the costs related to the long-term management of radioactive waste 171.2.3 Financing the long-term management of radioactive waste 421.2.4 Conclusion on the costs and financing of waste storage 631.3 References 64Chapter 2 Nuclear Power in the European Electricity Market 67Jacques PERCEBOIS and Boris SOLIER2.1 The functionality of the wholesale electricity market 692.2 The price set by the merit order of marginal costs 712.3 Nuclear power and the wholesale price of electricity 752.4 The need for a capacity market 822.5 The carbon market and spot market in Europe 842.6 Accounting for the system costs in the merit order 872.6.1 Crowd-out cost of controllable power plants 882.6.2 Back-up of non-controllable power plants 902.6.3 Rates based on costs 942.7 The case of nuclear power and the ARENH mechanism, a hindrance to the market 952.7.1 The ARENH, a "canal lock" for removing rents 952.7.2 ARENH reform projects 1032.8 Conclusion 1132.9 References 114Chapter 3 The Industrial Challenges of Nuclear Power 117Xavier URSAT3.1 Nuclear power, part of the energy transition 1183.1.1 Nuclear power, the third largest industrial sector in France 1183.1.2 The EPR, a nuclear technology of the future 1203.1.3 NUWARD, the French project for SMRs 1213.2 A sector committed to a dynamic of deep transformation 1223.2.1 The restructuring of the nuclear sector since 2015 1223.2.2 The unfavorable industrial context during the first days of the EPR 1253.2.3 The Excell plan: a return to excellence 1263.2.4 An effective dynamic 1283.3 Giving visibility to the sector through a long-term energy strategy 1303.3.1 In France: ensuring supply capacity and guaranteeing carbon neutrality 1313.3.2 Designing an energy strategy covering all of Europe 1343.4 Conclusion 1353.5 References 135Chapter 4 The Economic Costs of a Nuclear Accident 137Ludivine PASCUCCI-CAHEN4.1 Fields of economic analysis 1384.2 Uses of nuclear accident cost assessments 1414.2.1 Optimization of post-accident management strategies 1414.2.2 Insurance mechanisms for covering a nuclear accident 1424.2.3 Evaluation of investments for the safety of nuclear installations 1514.3 Methods for estimating the costs of a nuclear accident 1534.3.1 General considerations 1534.3.2 Costs at the accident site 1544.3.3 Off-site costs directly related to contamination 1594.3.4 Other off-site costs 1644.4 Application to the Fukushima nuclear accident 1664.4.1 Synthesis 1664.4.2 Compensation for damages 1684.4.3 On-site cleaning and dismantling costs 1684.4.4 Costs to remediate the contamination 1694.4.5 Economic losses from agriculture and fishing 1694.4.6 Effects on industrial production 1704.4.7 Effects on tourism 1704.4.8 Image effects on the agribusiness sector 1714.4.9 Image effects on tourism 1724.4.10 Effects on the electricity generation system 1724.4.11 Macroeconomic effects 1734.5 Conclusion 1734.6 References 174Chapter 5 Prospective Scenarios from the Present to 2050 179Patrick CRIQUI, Rodica LOISEL and Lionel LEMIALE5.1 Global energy scenarios and the role of nuclear power 1795.1.1 A brief history of energy planning 1795.1.2 The "new generation" scenarios and the role of nuclear power 1885.2 Modeling nuclear power in the energy transition 1955.2.1 Load monitoring in nuclear power plants 1975.2.2 Methodology 2005.2.3 Technical and economic analysis of nuclear reactors in scenarios up to 2050 2035.2.4 Sensitivity analysis 2055.2.5 Organizational, technical and technological perspectives 2125.2.6 Recommendations for the section 2155.3 The study "Energy Futures 2050" by RTE (2021) 2165.3.1 Purpose and scope of the study 2175.3.2 Consumption and production assumptions 2205.3.3 Economic analysis 2305.3.4 Comments in response to the RTE study 2335.4 Conclusion 2355.5 References 237Appendix The Dismantling of Nuclear Facilities 243Jacques PERCEBOIS and Nicolas THIOLLIÈREList of Authors 255Index 257Summary of Volume 1 259

Jacques Percebois is Professor Emeritus at the University of Montpellier, France. He is the founder of both CREDEN and a master’s degree in energy economics. He is also the author of several books on energy and has been a member of several national commissions on nuclear energy.Nicolas Thiollière is a nuclear physicist and teacher-researcher at IMT Atlantique, France. He is also attached to the fundamental research laboratory, Subatech. He is a specialist in reactor and fuel cycle modeling.

• Chapter 1 Management of Spent Fuels 1Jacques CANTARELLA, Cécile EVANS, Pierre KUNSCH, Didier LÉONARD and Jean-Paul MINON1.1 Spent fuel management strategies and costs 11.1.1 The different options of the cycle 21.1.2 Characteristics of the cycle options 81.1.3 Economic evaluations 101.1.4 Deep storage as a preferred solution 141.2 Costs and methods of financing radioactive waste management 151.2.1 Introduction 151.2.2 Analysis of the costs related to the long-term management of radioactive waste 171.2.3 Financing the long-term management of radioactive waste 421.2.4 Conclusion on the costs and financing of waste storage 631.3 References 64Chapter 2 Nuclear Power in the European Electricity Market 67Jacques PERCEBOIS and Boris SOLIER2.1 The functionality of the wholesale electricity market 692.2 The price set by the merit order of marginal costs 712.3 Nuclear power and the wholesale price of electricity 752.4 The need for a capacity market 822.5 The carbon market and spot market in Europe 842.6 Accounting for the system costs in the merit order 872.6.1 Crowd-out cost of controllable power plants 882.6.2 Back-up of non-controllable power plants 902.6.3 Rates based on costs 942.7 The case of nuclear power and the ARENH mechanism, a hindrance to the market 952.7.1 The ARENH, a "canal lock" for removing rents 952.7.2 ARENH reform projects 1032.8 Conclusion 1132.9 References 114Chapter 3 The Industrial Challenges of Nuclear Power 117Xavier URSAT3.1 Nuclear power, part of the energy transition 1183.1.1 Nuclear power, the third largest industrial sector in France 1183.1.2 The EPR, a nuclear technology of the future 1203.1.3 NUWARD, the French project for SMRs 1213.2 A sector committed to a dynamic of deep transformation 1223.2.1 The restructuring of the nuclear sector since 2015 1223.2.2 The unfavorable industrial context during the first days of the EPR 1253.2.3 The Excell plan: a return to excellence 1263.2.4 An effective dynamic 1283.3 Giving visibility to the sector through a long-term energy strategy 1303.3.1 In France: ensuring supply capacity and guaranteeing carbon neutrality 1313.3.2 Designing an energy strategy covering all of Europe 1343.4 Conclusion 1353.5 References 135Chapter 4 The Economic Costs of a Nuclear Accident 137Ludivine PASCUCCI-CAHEN4.1 Fields of economic analysis 1384.2 Uses of nuclear accident cost assessments 1414.2.1 Optimization of post-accident management strategies 1414.2.2 Insurance mechanisms for covering a nuclear accident 1424.2.3 Evaluation of investments for the safety of nuclear installations 1514.3 Methods for estimating the costs of a nuclear accident 1534.3.1 General considerations 1534.3.2 Costs at the accident site 1544.3.3 Off-site costs directly related to contamination 1594.3.4 Other off-site costs 1644.4 Application to the Fukushima nuclear accident 1664.4.1 Synthesis 1664.4.2 Compensation for damages 1684.4.3 On-site cleaning and dismantling costs 1684.4.4 Costs to remediate the contamination 1694.4.5 Economic losses from agriculture and fishing 1694.4.6 Effects on industrial production 1704.4.7 Effects on tourism 1704.4.8 Image effects on the agribusiness sector 1714.4.9 Image effects on tourism 1724.4.10 Effects on the electricity generation system 1724.4.11 Macroeconomic effects 1734.5 Conclusion 1734.6 References 174Chapter 5 Prospective Scenarios from the Present to 2050 179Patrick CRIQUI, Rodica LOISEL and Lionel LEMIALE5.1 Global energy scenarios and the role of nuclear power 1795.1.1 A brief history of energy planning 1795.1.2 The "new generation" scenarios and the role of nuclear power 1885.2 Modeling nuclear power in the energy transition 1955.2.1 Load monitoring in nuclear power plants 1975.2.2 Methodology 2005.2.3 Technical and economic analysis of nuclear reactors in scenarios up to 2050 2035.2.4 Sensitivity analysis 2055.2.5 Organizational, technical and technological perspectives 2125.2.6 Recommendations for the section 2155.3 The study "Energy Futures 2050" by RTE (2021) 2165.3.1 Purpose and scope of the study 2175.3.2 Consumption and production assumptions 2205.3.3 Economic analysis 2305.3.4 Comments in response to the RTE study 2335.4 Conclusion 2355.5 References 237Appendix The Dismantling of Nuclear Facilities 243Jacques PERCEBOIS and Nicolas THIOLLIÈREList of Authors 255Index 257Summary of Volume 1 259

Jacques Percebois is Professor Emeritus at the University of Montpellier, France. He is the founder of both CREDEN and a master’s degree in energy economics. He is also the author of several books on energy and has been a member of several national commissions on nuclear energy.Nicolas Thiollière is a nuclear physicist and teacher-researcher at IMT Atlantique, France. He is also attached to the fundamental research laboratory, Subatech. He is a specialist in reactor and fuel cycle modeling.

• Chapter 1 Management of Spent Fuels 1Jacques CANTARELLA, Cécile EVANS, Pierre KUNSCH, Didier LÉONARD and Jean-Paul MINON1.1 Spent fuel management strategies and costs 11.1.1 The different options of the cycle 21.1.2 Characteristics of the cycle options 81.1.3 Economic evaluations 101.1.4 Deep storage as a preferred solution 141.2 Costs and methods of financing radioactive waste management 151.2.1 Introduction 151.2.2 Analysis of the costs related to the long-term management of radioactive waste 171.2.3 Financing the long-term management of radioactive waste 421.2.4 Conclusion on the costs and financing of waste storage 631.3 References 64Chapter 2 Nuclear Power in the European Electricity Market 67Jacques PERCEBOIS and Boris SOLIER2.1 The functionality of the wholesale electricity market 692.2 The price set by the merit order of marginal costs 712.3 Nuclear power and the wholesale price of electricity 752.4 The need for a capacity market 822.5 The carbon market and spot market in Europe 842.6 Accounting for the system costs in the merit order 872.6.1 Crowd-out cost of controllable power plants 882.6.2 Back-up of non-controllable power plants 902.6.3 Rates based on costs 942.7 The case of nuclear power and the ARENH mechanism, a hindrance to the market 952.7.1 The ARENH, a "canal lock" for removing rents 952.7.2 ARENH reform projects 1032.8 Conclusion 1132.9 References 114Chapter 3 The Industrial Challenges of Nuclear Power 117Xavier URSAT3.1 Nuclear power, part of the energy transition 1183.1.1 Nuclear power, the third largest industrial sector in France 1183.1.2 The EPR, a nuclear technology of the future 1203.1.3 NUWARD, the French project for SMRs 1213.2 A sector committed to a dynamic of deep transformation 1223.2.1 The restructuring of the nuclear sector since 2015 1223.2.2 The unfavorable industrial context during the first days of the EPR 1253.2.3 The Excell plan: a return to excellence 1263.2.4 An effective dynamic 1283.3 Giving visibility to the sector through a long-term energy strategy 1303.3.1 In France: ensuring supply capacity and guaranteeing carbon neutrality 1313.3.2 Designing an energy strategy covering all of Europe 1343.4 Conclusion 1353.5 References 135Chapter 4 The Economic Costs of a Nuclear Accident 137Ludivine PASCUCCI-CAHEN4.1 Fields of economic analysis 1384.2 Uses of nuclear accident cost assessments 1414.2.1 Optimization of post-accident management strategies 1414.2.2 Insurance mechanisms for covering a nuclear accident 1424.2.3 Evaluation of investments for the safety of nuclear installations 1514.3 Methods for estimating the costs of a nuclear accident 1534.3.1 General considerations 1534.3.2 Costs at the accident site 1544.3.3 Off-site costs directly related to contamination 1594.3.4 Other off-site costs 1644.4 Application to the Fukushima nuclear accident 1664.4.1 Synthesis 1664.4.2 Compensation for damages 1684.4.3 On-site cleaning and dismantling costs 1684.4.4 Costs to remediate the contamination 1694.4.5 Economic losses from agriculture and fishing 1694.4.6 Effects on industrial production 1704.4.7 Effects on tourism 1704.4.8 Image effects on the agribusiness sector 1714.4.9 Image effects on tourism 1724.4.10 Effects on the electricity generation system 1724.4.11 Macroeconomic effects 1734.5 Conclusion 1734.6 References 174Chapter 5 Prospective Scenarios from the Present to 2050 179Patrick CRIQUI, Rodica LOISEL and Lionel LEMIALE5.1 Global energy scenarios and the role of nuclear power 1795.1.1 A brief history of energy planning 1795.1.2 The "new generation" scenarios and the role of nuclear power 1885.2 Modeling nuclear power in the energy transition 1955.2.1 Load monitoring in nuclear power plants 1975.2.2 Methodology 2005.2.3 Technical and economic analysis of nuclear reactors in scenarios up to 2050 2035.2.4 Sensitivity analysis 2055.2.5 Organizational, technical and technological perspectives 2125.2.6 Recommendations for the section 2155.3 The study "Energy Futures 2050" by RTE (2021) 2165.3.1 Purpose and scope of the study 2175.3.2 Consumption and production assumptions 2205.3.3 Economic analysis 2305.3.4 Comments in response to the RTE study 2335.4 Conclusion 2355.5 References 237Appendix The Dismantling of Nuclear Facilities 243Jacques PERCEBOIS and Nicolas THIOLLIÈREList of Authors 255Index 257Summary of Volume 1 259