Novel Delivery Systems for Transdermal and Intradermal Drug Delivery

Dr Ryan Donnelly is Reader in Pharmaceutics at Queen's University Belfast. Dr Donnelly's research is centred on design and physicochemical characterisation of advanced polymeric drug delivery systems for transdermal and topical drug delivery, with a strong emphasis on improving therapeutic outcomes for patients. He is also a technical director at Swedish Pharma AB. Still at a relatively early stage of his career, he has authored over 300 peer-reviewed publications, including 3 patent applications, 3 textbooks, 16 book chapters and approximately 100 full papers. He’s the holder of many awards including the current GSK Emerging Scientist Award. Dr Raj Thakur is Lecturer in Pharmaceutics at Queen's University Belfast. He obtained his PhD in polymer science in 2009 from Queens University Belfast and his MSc in drug delivery in 2006 from University Science Malaysia. He has a BSc in Pharmacy from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, India. Dr Thakur's research interests are in development and evaluation of novel in situ forming controlled release implants and ocular and transdermal drug delivery using novel minimally-invasive devices. He has published a textbook and over 30 scientific papers.

• About the Editors xiiiContributors xvAdvances in Pharmaceutical Technology: Series Preface xviiPreface xix1 Introduction 1Gary P.J. Moss1.1 The Subcutis (Subcutaneous Fat Layer) 11.2 The Dermis 21.3 Skin Appendages 21.4 The Subcutaneous Sensory Mechanism 31.5 The Epidermis 51.6 The stratum germinativum 51.7 The stratum spinosum 51.8 The stratum granulosum 61.9 The stratum lucidum 61.10 The stratum corneum 61.11 Theoretical Considerations 111.12 Physicochemical Properties of the Penetrant 131.13 Physiological Properties of the Skin 161.14 Vehicle Effects 191.15 Modulation and Enhancement of Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery 202 Application of Spectroscopic Techniques to Interrogate Skin 41Jonathan Hadgraft, Rita Mateus and Majella E. Lane2.1 Introduction 412.2 Vibrational Spectroscopic Methods 422.3 Electronic Spectroscopic Methods 462.4 Miscellaneous Spectroscopic Methods 482.5 Conclusions and Future 503 Analysis of the Native Structure of the Skin Barrier by Cryo-TEM Combined with EM-Simulation 57Lars Norlén3.1 Introduction 573.2 Our Approach: In Situ Biomolecular Structure Determination in Near-Native Skin 583.3 Molecular Organisation of the Horny Layer's Fat Matrix 673.4 Molecular Organisation of the Horny Layer's Keratin Filament Matrix 673.5 Final Remark 684 Intradermal Vaccination 71Marija Zaric and Adrien Kissenpfennig4.1 Vaccination 714.2 Dendritic Cells Immunobiology 734.3 Skin Anatomy and Physiology 744.4 The Skin Dendritic Cell Network 764.5 The DTR-DT Depletion System 824.6 Dendritic Cells and the Differentiation of T Lymphocytes 844.7 Summary 885 Film-Forming and Heated Systems 97William J. McAuley and Francesco Caserta5.1 Film-Forming Systems 975.2 Heated Systems 1075.3 Conclusions 1166 Nanotechnology-Based Applications for Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutics 125Venkata K. Yellepeddi6.1 Introduction 1256.2 Nanocarriers for Topical and Transdermal Delivery 1296.3 Interactions of Nanoparticles with the Skin 1376.4 Limitations of Nanotechnology for Skin Delivery 1386.5 Conclusions 1397 Magnetophoresis and Electret-Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Drugs 147Abhijeet Maurya, Cui Lili and S. Narasimha Murthy7.1 Introduction 1477.2 Physical Permeation Enhancement Techniques 1497.3 Magnetophoresis 1507.4 Electret-Mediated Drug Delivery 1558 Microporation for Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery 163Thakur Raghu Raj Singh and Chirag Gujral8.1 Introduction 1638.2 High-Pressure Gas or Liquid Microporation 1648.3 Ultrasound (Phonophoresis and Sonophoresis) Microporation 1668.4 Iontophoresis 1688.5 Electroporation 1698.6 Laser Microporation 1708.7 Thermal Microporation 1718.8 RF Microporation 1738.9 Microneedles 1738.10 Conclusion 1749 Microneedle Technology 179Helen L. Quinn, Aaron J. Courtenay, Mary-Carmel Kearney and Ryan F. Donnelly9.1 Introduction 1799.2 MN Materials and Fabrication 1829.3 MN-Mediated Drug Delivery 1859.4 MN Vaccination 1889.5 Further MN Applications 1919.6 Patient Factors Relating to MN Use 1949.7 The Next Steps in MN Development 1989.8 Conclusion 20110 Intradermal Delivery of Active Cosmeceutical Ingredients 209Andrzej M. Bugaj10.1 Introduction 20910.2 Emulsions 21010.3 Vesicular Systems 21610.4 Solid Particulate Systems 22210.5 Cosmetic Foams 22910.6 Cosmetic Patches 23010.7 Cosmeceuticals: The Future 23011 Commercial and Regulatory Considerations in Transdermal and Dermal Medicines Development 243Marc. B. Brown, Jon Lenn, Charles Evans and Sian Lim11.1 Introduction 24311.2 Dermal and Transdermal Product/Device Development 24511.3 Product Scale-Up and Process Optimisation, Validation and Stability Testing 25311.4 The Commercial Future of Transdermal Devices 254Index 259