Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Ondrej Bradac MD, MSc, PhD, Professor of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Motol University Hospital and 2nd Medical School, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic and Department of Neurosurgery and Neurooncology, Military University Hospital and 1st Medical School, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.

• Introduction.- Why a book about iNPH.- Acknowledgement.- History.- Hakim´s discovery of NPH.- Fundamental discoveries in the last decades.- Epidemiology.- Pathophysiology.- Clinical symptoms and examination.- Major symptoms.- Minor symptoms.- Gait characteristics of NPH.- Differential diagnostics of gait impairment.- Psychological profile of NPH patients.- Differential diagnostics against other types of dementias.- Urinary disorder associated with NPH.- Differential diagnostics of urinary disorder.- Neurodegenerative comorbidities and iNPH mimics.- Invasive diagnostic test.- External lumbar drainage.- CSF tap test.- Lumbar infusion test.- Other invasive tests.- Laboratory findings of NPH.- Imaging.- Basic CT and MRI indices.- DESH, callosal angle and cingulate sulcus sign.- Novel MRI indices and imaging models.- Volumetr.- DT.- Phase-contrast MRI.- Novel MRI techniques (elastography, glymphatic pathway imaging) and their implications.- Imaging differential diagnosis.- Potential of machine learning in NPH diagnostics.- Shuntology - treatment of NPH.- Ventriculoperitoneal shunt.- Surgical technique.- Valve types.- Valve setting.- Other types of shunt.- Ventriculoatrial shunt.- Lumboperitoneal shunt.- Role of endoscopy in NPH treatment.- Future directions of valve technology.- Complications.- Surgical complications.- Infection.- Underdrainage and Overdrainage.- Follow-up.- Clinical follow-up.- Imaging follow-up.- Invasive tests in follow-up.- Prognosis and outcomes.- When to revise the shunt?.- Future perspectives.- Summary.