Nonlinear Optical Technology

Elsa M. Garmire, PhD, is a Fellow of IEEE, the Optical Society, the American Physical Society, and the Society of Women Engineers. She was elected to the National Academy of Engineering and the National Academy of Inventors. From 1995 to 2016, she taught interdisciplinary engineering courses as Sydney Junkins Professor at the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College. She has served on multiple National Research Council Committees and specialized in Nonlinear Optics (NLO) at MIT.

• Preface xxiAcronyms xxiiiIntroduction: Why Nonlinear Optics? xxviiSummary 1: What is Nonlinear Optics Technology? S1Summary 2: Second-Order Nonlinearity S5Summary 3: Third-Order Nonlinearity S24Summary 4: Nonlinear Scattering and Loss S47Part I Technical Chapters on Second-Order Nonlinearity 11 Second Harmonic Generation 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Second Harmonic Generation at the Beginning 31.3 How Do We Begin? 51.4 Approaches to Second Harmonic Generation 81.5 Electromagnetic Response to Dielectric 111.6 Nonlinear Static Field 131.7 Second Harmonic Has No Inversion Symmetry 141.8 Photon Picture of SHG 151.9 Nonlinear Optics (a Look Ahead) 161.10 Applications: SHG at Interfaces 171.11 Discussion 222 Generating Second Harmonic Efficiently 232.1 Introduction 232.2 Traveling Waves for SHG 252.3 Phase-Matched Growth of Intensity 282.4 SHG from Crystal Under Refractive-Index Mismatch 322.5 When SH Power Diminishes Due to Phase Mismatch, Where Does It Go? 362.6 Phase-Matched Depleted Pump 372.7 SH Intensity with Phase Mismatch and Depleted Pump 392.8 Applications of SHG 402.9 Sum and Difference Frequency Generation 442.10 Optical Field Rectification 452.11 Review 473 Extending Coherence Lengths 493.1 Introduction 493.2 How Important Is Matching Phases? 513.3 Experimental Demonstration of SHG With/Without PM 533.4 Anisotropic Crystals 593.5 Anisotropic Crystals for SHG Phase Matching 623.6 Quasi-Phase Matching 663.7 Challenge of Alternating SHG Domains 713.8 Periodically-Poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) 733.9 Gaussian Beam Diffraction 773.10 Resonators for Enhanced SHG: Fabry-Perot Interferometer 823.11 Cavity Enhancement in Green Laser Pointer 854 Optical Parametric Amplification 874.1 Optical Parametric Amplifier: Tunable Source of Coherent Light 874.2 Optical Parametric Amplifiers: Engineering Perspective 924.3 Amplification by Parametric Nonlinearities 954.4 OPA as Reverse of Difference Frequency Generation 994.5 Understanding Parametric Oscillators 1004.6 Operating an OPO System 1044.7 OPO Is OPA in Optical Cavity 1074.8 Relate Electric Field and Intensity to Photon Density 1094.9 Understanding Degenerate Oscillators and Amplifiers 1114.10 Practical Applications of OPOs 116Part II Technical Chapters on Third-Order Nonlinearity 1195 Third-Order Nonlinearity 1215.1 Introduction to Third-order Nonlinearity x3 1215.2 Third-Harmonic Generation 1215.3 Higher Order Nonlinearities in Pressurized Gases 1255.4 High-Harmonic Generation Experimental Results 1275.5 Toward Commercialization 1305.6 Analyzing fs Pulses: Frequency Resolved Optical Gate 1325.7 Chirped-Pulse Amplification Systems 1345.8 Race to Achieve the Highest Intensity 1375.9 Next Chapter 1386 Nonlinear Index and Pulses 1396.1 Intensity-Induced Refractive Index Change 1396.2 Impact of Phase Delay Due to Δn 1436.3 Solitons: Temporal Pulse Shape Never Changes 1466.4 Self-intensity-Modulated Phase 1486.5 Frequency Shift Equals Time Slope of Changing Phase 1526.6 XPM: Cross-phase Modulation 1596.7 XPM to Transfer Phase Information 1666.8 Applications of Lossless Quantum Information Transfer 1676.9 Next Chapter 1697 Spatial Nonlinear Index 1717.1 Introduction 1717.2 Self-trapping in the Spatial Domain by Nonlinear Index 1717.3 Spatial Solitons 1757.4 Derivation of 1D Spatial Soliton Wave Equation 1777.5 Self-focusing with Power Higher than Critical 1817.6 Experimental Improvements 1857.7 Nonlinear Fabry-Perot Etalon: Optical Bistability 1867.8 Measuring Nonlinear Coefficients: Z-scan Technique 1907.9 Kerr Lens Mode-locking 1917.10 Next Chapter 1928 Coherent Wave-Mixing 1938.1 Introduction 1938.2 Lateral Grating from Two-wave Mixing 1958.3 Bragg Gratings 2028.4 Pulsed Gratings 2048.5 Four-wave-Mixing 2068.6 Four-wave Mixing Backward Waves 2108.7 Spatial Analysis to Find Fourth Wave D in χ(3) 2118.8 Time-dependence of E3 and E4 2138.9 Phase Conjugation (Changing Sign of Phase) 2148.10 Fiber Optical Parametric Amplification 2168.11 Four Wave Mixing as Four-photon Scattering 2218.12 Next Chapter 224Part III Technical Chapters on Nonlinear Optical Scattering and Loss 2259 Stimulated Raman Scattering 2279.1 Introduction 2279.2 Spontaneous Raman Scattering 2299.3 Introduction to Stimulated Raman Scattering 2339.4 Understanding Stokes Generation 2369.5 Stokes Generates Coherent Molecular Vibrations 2409.6 Anti-Stokes Waves 2439.7 Raman Laser 2469.8 Applications: SRS Optical Nonlinearity is Both Useful and Detrimental 2519.9 Raman SRS Fiber Amplifiers 2529.10 High-power Raman Lasers in Special Fibers 2559.11 Photonic Raman Lasers 2559.12 Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy 2599.13 Review: Short List of Main Uses for SRS 26210 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 26510.1 Spontaneous Brillouin Scattering 26510.2 Spontaneous or Parametric Brillouin Scattering 26910.3 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 27010.4 SBS as Stokes Power Amplifier 27510.5 Historical Background 27910.6 Phase Conjugation and SBS Reflection 28310.7 Brillouin Fiber Lasers 28910.8 Brillouin Fiber Sensors 29110.9 Photonic Brillouin Ring Laser 29310.10 Prospective SBS Applications 29611 Nonlinear Absorption 29911.1 Nonlinear Absorption 29911.2 Two-photon Absorption 30011.3 Saturable Absorption 30811.4 Rate Equation for Absorption Transition 30911.5 Solve for Saturable Absorption 31111.6 Application: Creating Pulsing Lasers 31211.7 Classes of Pulsed Lasers 31411.8 Final Thoughts 317Appendix A Light Beams in Transparent Media 319Appendix B Optical Materials and Light Fields 345Appendix C Understanding Resonators 373Appendix D Waveguides to Avoid Diffraction 385Problem Assignments 399Index 415