Non-ionizing Radiation Protection

ANDREW W. WOOD, PhD, is Professor of Biophysics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Wood has had many years' of involvement in various research projects on Non-ionizing Radiation and serving on committees dealing with Radiation Protection. KEN KARIPIDIS, PhD, is a senior scientist with the Radiation Health Services Branch, Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Karipidis has been a member of various groups and committees providing advice to government and other stakeholders on radiation protection issues.

• List of Contributors xxiiiForeword xxviiAcknowledgments xxixIntroduction xxxi1 Overview: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Nonionizing Radiation 1Andrew Wood and Colin RoyPart I Hazard Identification and Assessment: What are the Dangers and How are the Sources Dangerous? 112 Hazard Identification: Laboratory Investigation 13Andrew Wood3 Hazard Identification: Epidemiological Studies and Their Interpretation 26Mark ElwoodPart II Ultraviolet (UV) Light 474 UVR and Short-Term Hazards to the Skin and Eyes 49Colin Roy and Peter Gies5 Ultraviolet: Long-Term Risks and Benefits 67Mark Elwood6 UV Guidelines and Protection Policies 76Peter Gies and Colin Roy7 UV Measurements 94Peter Gies and Colin RoyPart III Visible and Infrared (IR) Light 1118 Laser and Visible Radiation Hazards to the Eye and Skin 113Claire Lyngå and David Urban9 Infrared Radiation and Biological Hazards 134Stephen Newbery10 Laser and Optical Radiation Guidelines 145David Urban and John Javorniczky11 Laser Measurements 152David Urban and John JavorniczkyPart IV Radiofrequency (RF) and Microwave Radiation 16312 Thermal Effects of Microwave and Radiofrequency Radiation 165Kenneth R. Foster13 RF Guidelines and Standards 186Andrew Wood14 Assessing RF Exposure: Fields, Currents, and SAR 205Steve Iskra, Robert L. McIntosh and Andrew Wood15 Epidemiological Studies of Low-Intensity Radiofrequency Fields and Diseases in Humans 226Mark Elwood16 Possible Low-Level Radiofrequency Effects 239Andrew WoodPart V Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields 25717 Electric and Magnetic Fields and Induced Current Hazard 259Andrew Wood18 Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Guidelines 281Andrew Wood19 Instrumentation and Measurement of ELF Electric and Magnetic Fields 298Thanh Dovan and Ken Karipidis20 Epidemiological Studies of Low-Intensity ELF Fields and Diseases in Humans 313Mark Elwood21 Possible Low-Level Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Field Effects? 322Andrew WoodPart VI Static Electric and Magnetic Fields 33922 Static Electric and Magnetic Field Hazards 341Ken Karipidis23 Static Electric and Magnetic Field Guidelines 357Ken KaripidisPart VII Dealing with Hazard Perception 36324 Perceived Hypersensitivity: Anecdotal Versus Objective Evidence 365Adam Verrender, Anna Dalecki, Sarah P. Loughran and Rodney J. Croft25 Prudent Avoidance 384Kevin Nuttall, Paul Flanagan and Garry Melik26 Radiofrequency Fields and the Precautionary Principle 405Kenneth R. Foster27 How to Handle Precaution 430Ken Karipidis and Rick TinkerPart VIII NIR Injury Prevention and Medical Assessment 44328 Medical Aspects of Overexposures to Nonionizing Radiation 445Bruce Hocking29 Preventive Surveillance Programs 456Sue Heward, David Urban and Ray McKenziePart IX Legal and Community Issues 47930 Public Consultation and Dissemination of Information. Risk Perception. Public Involvement in Decision-Making Regarding Placement of Broadcast Antennas and Power Transmission Lines 481Michael Dolan31 Mitigating Nonionizing Radiation Risks 496David Urban, Michael Bangay and Thanh Dovan32 Some of the Controversies Regarding NIR 526Andrew Wood, Ken Karipidis and Michael Dolan33 Summary and Prospects 540Andrew Wood and Ken KaripidisAppendix A Answers to Tutorial Problems 548Appendix B List of Suppliers of Survey Equipment 558Appendix C Websites for Further Information 560Index 563