Next-Generation Algae, Volume 1

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is an associate professor in the Microbiology Department, Edo University Iyamho, Nigeria. He has filed several scientific patents and has published over 180 scientific journal articles, books, and conference proceedings. He has received numerous awards from international organizations. Julius Kola Oloke, PhD, is the Vice Chancellor of Precious Cornerstone University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Naveen Dwivedi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Biotechnology at the S. D. College of Engineering and Technology, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. Sabeela Beevi Ummalyma, PhD, is a scientist at the Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Bioenergy and Bioprocessing laboratory Sikkim Centre, Sikkim, India. Shubha Dwivedi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Biotechnology, IIMT University, Meerut, UP, India. Daniel Hefft, PhD, is a chemical and food engineer and is the Product Research Team Lead at Campden BRI, UK. This role within the consulting technology department delivers meaningful contract R&D and process engineering solutions. Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, PhD, is a faculty member in the Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. Her research interests are focused on the nutritional safety of foods and the evaluation of medicinal plants in the management and maintenance of human health.

• Preface xv1 Smart Microalgae Wastewater Treatment: IoT and Edge Computing Applications with LCA and Technoeconomic Analysis 1Mohd. Zafar, Avnish Pareek, Taqi Ahmed Khan, Ramkumar Lakshminarayanan and Naveen Dwivedi1.1 Introduction 21.2 Importance and Potential of Extremophilic Microalgae-Based Wastewater Treatment (WWT) Plant 41.3 Status of Microalgae-Based WWT Plants 51.3.1 Conditions and Requirements (Abiotic and Biotic Requirements, Nutrients Requirement) 51.3.2 Microalgae-Based WWT System – Photobioreactor System in Suspension and Immobilized Model 121.3.3 Evaluation of Treatment Performance 121.4 IoT and Edge Computing-Based Monitoring and Modeling of Integrated Microalgae-Based WWT Plant 211.4.1 Machine Learning Approaches for Data Acquisition, Monitoring and Analysis System 221.5 Techno-Economic Analysis of Integrated Microalgae-Based Wastewater Treatment (WWT) System 281.6 Brief Case Studies of Commercially Available Microalgae-Based Wastewater Treatment (WWT) Plants 341.7 Conclusion 35References 362 The Use of Microalgae in Various Applications 49Fulden Ulucan-Karnak, Mirac Sabankay and M. Ozgur Seydibeyoglu2.1 Introduction 492.1.1 Algae Classification 502.1.2 Cultivation of Microalgae 512.2 End Uses of Microalgae 532.2.1 Biofuel Applications 532.2.1.1 Biodiesel 532.2.1.2 Bioethanol 552.2.1.3 Biomethane (Syngas) 562.2.1.4 Biohydrogen 572.2.1.5 Bioplastic 592.3 Microalgal High-Value Compounds 602.3.1 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 602.3.2 Carotenoids 622.3.3 Phycocyanin 652.3.4 Sterols 662.3.5 Polysaccharides 672.3.6 Polyketides 682.4 Biomass 682.4.1 Health Food Products 682.4.2 Animal Feed 702.5 Potential Future Applications 712.6 Conclusion 73References 743 Arsenic Bioremoval Using Algae: A Sustainable Process 91Sougata Ghosh, Jyoti Nayak, Md Ashraful Islam and Sirikanjana Thongmee3.1 Introduction 923.2 Algae-Mediated Arsenic Removal 933.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 104Acknowledgment 104References 1044 Plastics, Food and the Environment: Algal Intervention for Improvement and Minimization of Toxic Implications 109Naveen Dwivedi, Pragya Sharma and V.P. Sharma4.1 Introduction 1104.2 Constituents of Chemicals in Plastics and Waste Generation 1114.3 Packaging of Food and Minimization Through Concept of ® 1124.4 Current World Production Rate of Plastics 1124.4.1 Plastics, Food and Packaging to Distribution in Public and Strategic National Boundaries 1134.4.2 Future Projection on Plastic Production 1154.5 Toxic Implications of Microplastics from Food Packaging or Other Items 1154.5.1 Biodegradable Polymers 1164.5.2 Particulate Matter from Plastics and Implications 1174.6 Conclusion 117References 1185 Role of Algae in Biodegradation of Plastics 125Piyush Gupta, Namrata Gupta, Subhakanta Dash and Monika Singh5.1 Introduction 1265.2 What are Microalgae? 1285.3 Some Biodegradable Pollutants 1285.4 Overview of Plastics 1295.5 Bioremediation of Plastics 1305.6 Microalgae’s Effect on Microplastics 1335.7 Microplastics’ Effect on Microalgae 1345.8 Techniques Used for Analysis of Plastic Biodegradation 1355.9 Factors Influencing the Deterioration of Plastics Using Microorganisms 1385.9.1 Biological Factors 1385.9.2 Moisture and pH 1385.9.3 Environmental Factors 1395.10 Future Prospects 1395.11 Conclusion 140References 1416 Application of Algae and Bacteria in Aquaculture 147Anne Bhambri, Santosh Kumar Karn and Arun Kumar6.1 Introduction 1486.2 The Major Problem of Nitrite and Ammonia in Aquaculture 1506.3 Techniques for Nitrite, Nitrate and Ammonia Removal 1516.4 Beneficial Application of Algae in Aquaculture 1516.5 Algae and Bacteria for Nitrite, Nitrate and Ammonia Transformation 1536.6 Conclusion 155Acknowledgments 156References 1567 Heavy Metal Bioremediation and Toxicity Removal from Industrial Wastewater 163Namrata Gupta, Monika Singh, Piyush Gupta, Preeti Mishra and Vijeta Gupta7.1 Introduction 1647.2 Environmental Heavy Metal Sources 1657.3 Heavy Metal Sources of Water Treatment Plants 1667.4 Heavy Metal Toxicity in Relation to Living Organisms 1687.5 Remediation Technologies for Heavy Metal Decontamination 1707.5.1 Conventional Methods 1707.5.1.1 Chemical Precipitation 1707.5.1.2 Ion Exchange 1707.5.1.3 Membrane Filtration 1707.5.1.4 Reverse Osmosis 1717.5.2 Ultrafiltration 1717.5.3 Microfiltration 1717.5.4 Nanofiltration 1717.5.5 Electrodialysis 1717.6 Biological Approach in the Remediation of Heavy Metals 1727.6.1 Bacteria as Heavy Metal Biosorbents 1737.6.2 Algae as Heavy Metal Biosorbents 1737.6.3 Fungi as Heavy Metal Biosorbents 1747.6.4 Phytoremediation 1747.7 Mechanism Involved in Biosorption 1747.7.1 Intracellular Sequestration 1797.7.2 Extracellular Sequestration 1807.7.3 Extracellular Barrier of Metal Prevention in Microbial Cells 1807.7.4 Metals Methylation 1807.7.5 Heavy Metal Ions Remediation by Microbes 1817.8 Alga-Mediated Mechanism 1817.9 Application of Biosorption for Waste Treatment Technology 1817.10 Microbial Heavy Metal Remediation Factors 1837.11 Conclusion 1857.12 Future Prospects 186References 1868 The Application of DNA Transfer Techniques That Have Been Used in Algae 195Thilini Jayaprada and Jayani J. Wewalwela8.1 Introduction 1958.2 Conventional DNA Transfer Techniques in Algae 1988.2.1 Electroporation 1988.2.2 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation 2008.2.3 Bacterial Conjugation 2018.2.4 Biolistic Particle Bombardment 2028.2.5 Agitation with Glass Beads 2038.3 Novel Emerging DNA Transfer Techniques in Algae 2048.3.1 Protoplast Fusion 2048.3.2 Liposome-Mediated Transformation 2058.3.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks 2068.3.4 Cell-Penetrating Polymers 2068.3.5 Cell-Penetrating Peptides 2078.3.6 Nanoparticle-Mediated Transformation 2088.4 Limitations to Genetic Transformation in Algae 2088.4.1 Cell Wall as a Significant Barrier 2088.4.2 Native Antibiotics Resistance 2098.4.3 Low Genetic Stability of Transgenes 2108.5 Future Prospects of Algae Transformation 210References 2149 Algae Utilization as Food and in Food Production: Ascorbic Acid, Health Food, Food Supplement and Food Surrogate 225Abiola Folakemi Olaniran, Bolanle Adenike Akinsanola, Abiola Ezekiel Taiwo, Joshua Opeyemi Folorunsho, Yetunde Mary Iranloye, Clinton Emeka Okonkwo and Omorefosa Osarenkhoe Osemwegie9.1 Introduction 2269.2 The Utilization of Algae 2279.2.1 Use of Algae in the Food Industry 2279.2.2 Macroalgae with Application Prospects in Food 2309.2.3 Microalgae Application Prospects in Foods 2319.3 Pharmacological Potential of Algae in Foods 2329.3.1 Algae Produced Vitamins 2329.4 Future and Prospect of Edible Algae 2339.5 Conclusion 235References 23510 Seasonal Variation of Phytoplanktonic Communities in Fishery Nurseries in the City of Inhumas (GO) and Its Surroundings 241Renato Araújo Teixeira, Gustavo de Paula Sousa, Josué Nazário de Lima, Thaynara de Morais Maia, Marajá João Alves de Mendonça Filho, Joy Ruby Violet Stephen and Angel José Vieira Blanco10.1 Introduction 24210.2 Material and Methods 24610.2.1 Materials 24610.2.2 Methods 24610.3 Results 24610.4 Conclusion 259References 26011 Role of Genetical Conservation for the Production of Important Biological Molecules Derived from Beneficial Algae 263Charles Oluwasun Adetunji, Muhammad Akram, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Umme Laila, Muhammad Muddasar Saeed, Olugbemi T. Olaniyan, Inobeme Abel, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Nyejirime Young Wike, Phebean Ononsen Ozolua, Wadzani Dauda Palnam, Olorunsola Adeyomoye, Arshad Farid and Shakira Ghazanfar11.1 Introduction 26411.2 Application of Algae in Various Fuels 26511.3 Algae and Their Pharmaceutical Application 26611.4 Relevance of Some Algae Derivative Components as Well as Their Effects on Human Health 26811.5 Genetic Resources and Algae 27011.6 Conclusions 270References 27012 Relevance of Biostimulant Derived from Cyanobacteria and Its Role in Sustainable Agriculture 281Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Muhammad Akram, Fahad Said, Olugbemi T. Olaniyan, Inobeme Abel, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Nyejirime Young Wike, Phebean Ononsen Ozolua, Wadzani Dauda Palnam, Arshad Farid, Shakira Ghazanfar, Olorunsola Adeyomoye, Chibuzor Victory Chukwu and Mohammed Bello Yerima12.1 Introduction 28212.2 Biostimulants Derived from Cyanobacteria for Boosting Agriculture 28312.3 Modes of Action Involved in the Application Microorganism as Biostimulant 28512.4 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 287References 28713 Biofertilizer Derived from Cyanobacterial: Recent Advances 295Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Muhammad Akram, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Fahad Said Khan, Abid Rashid, Hina Anwar, Rida Zainab, Mehwish Iqbal, Victoria Olaide Adenigba, Olugbemi T. Olaniyan, Inobeme Abel, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Nyejirime Young Wike, Olorunsola Adeyomoye, Wadzani Dauda Palnam, Phebean Ononsen Ozolua, Arshad Farid, Shakira Ghazanfar, Chibuzor Victory Chukwu and Mohammed Bello Yerima13.1 Introduction 29613.2 Biological Fertilizers 29813.3 Biofuel Production Technology 30613.4 Significant of Biofertilizers 30713.5 Relevance of Cyanobacteria 30813.6 Cyanobacteria as Biofertilizer 30813.7 Conclusion 311References 31114 Relevance of Algae in the Agriculture, Food and Environment Sectors 321Olotu Titilayo and Charles Oluwasun Adetunji14.1 Introduction 32114.2 Fourth Generation Biofuel: Next Generation Algae 32314.3 Next Generation Algae: Application in Agriculture 32314.4 Next Generation Algae: Application in the Environment 32414.5 Conclusion 325References 32515 Application of Biofuels for Bioenergy: Recent Advances 331Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Muhammad Akram, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Fahad Said, Tehreem Riaz, Olugbemi T. Olaniyan, Inobeme Abel, Phebean Ononsen Ozolua, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Nyejirime Young Wike, Wadzani Dauda Palnam, Arshad Farid, Shakira Ghazanfar, Olorunsola Adeyomoye, Chibuzor Victory Chukwu and Mohammed Bello Yerima15.1 Introduction 33215.2 General Overview 33415.3 Algae Production and Cultivation 33515.3.1 Harvesting 33615.3.2 Genetically Modified Organisms 33715.3.3 Growth Control 33815.3.4 Production of Biofuels from Algae 33815.3.5 Biochemical Conversion 33815.3.6 Thermochemical Process 33915.3.7 Transesterification 33915.4 Algal Biofuels from Macroalgae 33915.5 Algal Biofuels from Cyanobacteria and Microalgae 33915.6 Types of Algal Biofuels 34115.6.1 Hydrocarbons 34115.6.2 Bioethanol 34115.6.3 Isobutanol 34115.6.4 Isoprene 34215.6.5 Biodiesel 34315.6.6 Biohydrogen 34415.6.7 Biomethane 34415.7 Biomass Supply 34415.7.1 Biomass from Dedicated Energy Crops 34515.7.2 Biomass Debris and Waste 34515.8 Organic Material-Based Energy: CO2 Impartiality and Its Effects on Carbon Pools 34615.9 Non-CO2 GHG Emissions in Bioenergy Systems 34715.9.1 N2O Emissions 34715.9.2 Ch4 Emanations 34715.10 Microalgae for Biodiesel Production 34815.10.1 Biodiesel Production 34915.11 Futurity Progression in Bioenergy 34915.11.1 Second Generation Biofuels 34915.11.2 Biorefinery 35015.12 Conclusion 351References 351Index 361