Edited by Cristiano Antonelli, Professor of Economics, Department of Economics and Statistics "Cognetti de Martiis", University of Torino and Fellow, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Italy, Dominique Foray, Professor of Innovation Economics, College of Management, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland, Bronwyn H. Hall, Professor Emerita of Economics, University of California at Berkeley, Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research, US and International Research Associate, Institute of Fiscal Studies, London, UK and W. Edward Steinmueller, R. M. Philips Professor of the Economics of Innovation, Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, UK