Molly K. Zuckerman is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures at Mississippi State University. The author of numerous peer-reviewed publications employing the biocultural approach, Dr Zuckerman also teaches graduate and undergraduate introductory courses in anthropology and biological anthropology, osteology, diet and nutrition, and human behavior and disease.Debra L. Martin is the UNLV Barrick Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Her expertise is in the biocultural approach as it can be applied to understanding poor health, inequality and violence. She has published four co-edited volumes, three co-authored volumes, and over 100 chapters and peer-reviewed articles on biocultural approaches in anthropology.

• Contributors, xvAcknowledgements, xixA biocultural tribute to a biocultural scholar: Professor George J. Armelagos, May 22, 1936–May 15, 2014, 1Debra L. Martin & Molly K. ZuckermanReferences, 61 Introduction: the development of biocultural perspectives in anthropology, 7Molly K. Zuckerman & Debra L. MartinIntroduction, 7The origins and development of the biocultural approach, 8Using a biocultural model, 12Difficulties in using the biocultural approach, 15The case studies in this volume, 15Conclusion, 24References, 24Notes, 26Part I: Critical and synthetic approaches to biocultural anthropology2 Exploring biocultural concepts: anthropology for the next generation, 29R. Brooke ThomasIntroduction, 29Background, 29Case study: the Quechua of southern Peru, 1964 to the present, 31Discussion, 41Conclusion, 42References, 44Notes, 47Endnotes, 473 Local nutrition in global contexts: critical biocultural perspectives on the nutrition transition in Mexico, 49Thomas L. Leatherman, Morgan K. Hoke & Alan H. GoodmanIntroduction, 49Background, 49Case study: the “coca-colonization” of diet in the Yucatán, 54Conclusion, 61References, 62Notes, 65Part II: Biocultural approaches to identity4 Disease and dying while black: how racism, not race, gets under the skin, 69Alan H. GoodmanIntroduction, 69Background, 72Case study: race versus racism, 81Discussion and conclusion, 85References, 865 Beyond genetic race: biocultural insights into the causes of racial health disparities, 89Christopher W. Kuzawa & Clarence C. GravleeIntroduction, 89Background, 90Case study #1: hypertension in the African Diaspora, 99Case study #2: does the experience of racial discrimination in the United States have intergenerational health consequences?, 101Discussion and conclusion, 101References, 1026 Political economy of African forced migration and enslavement in colonial New York: an historical biology perspective, 107Michael L. Blakey & Lesley M. Rankin-HillIntroduction, 107Background, 108Case study, 109Discussion, 125Conclusion, 127References, 129Notes, 1317 Identifying the First African Baptist Church: searching for historically invisible people, 133Lesley M. Rankin-HillIntroduction, 133Case study: Afro-American biohistory, 134Conclusion, 152References, 153Notes, 155Part III: Biocultural approaches to health and diet8 "Canaries in the mineshaft": the children of Kulubnarti, 159Paul A. Sandberg & Dennis P. van GervenIntroduction, 159Case study: Nubia and Kulubnarti, 160Conclusion, 176Acknowledgments, 176References, 1769 Biocultural investigations of ancient Nubia, 181Brenda J. BakerIntroduction, 181Background, 183Case study: operationalizing a biocultural investigation: the Bioarchaeology of Nubia Expedition, 191Conclusion, 194Acknowledgments, 194References, 19410 Life and death in nineteenth-century Peoria, Illinois: taking a biocultural approach towards understanding the past, 201Anne L. Grauer, Laura A. Williams & M. Catherine BirdIntroduction, 201Case study: life and death in nineteenth-century Peoria, 203Discussion, 210Conclusion, 212Acknowledgments, 213References, 21311 Does industrialization always result in reduced skeletal robusticity?, 219Ann L. Magennis & Joshua G.S. ClementzIntroduction, 219Background, 220Case study: testing ideas about robusticity and industrialization, 225Discussion, 232Conclusion, 235Acknowledgments, 236References, 23712 Stable isotopes and selective forces: examples in biocultural and environmental anthropology, 241Christine D. White & Fred J. LongstaffeIntroduction, 241Background, 244Case study: isotopes and epidemiological risk factors/synergies at Wadi Halfa and surrounding regions, 247Discussion and conclusion, 252Acknowledgments, 253References, 25413 The cuisine of prehispanic Central Mexico reconsidered: the "omnivore’s dilemma" revisited, 259Randolph J. Widmer & Rebecca StoreyIntroduction, 259Case study: prehispanic cuisine of Central Mexico, 263Conclusion, 272Acknowledgments, 273References, 274Part IV: Biocultural approaches to infectious disease14 The specter of Ebola: epidemiologic transitions versus the zombie apocalypse, 279Ronald BarrettIntroduction, 279Case study: Ebola and the epidemiological transitions, 282Discussion and conclusion, 290References, 291Notes, 29315 Beyond the differential diagnosis: new approaches to the bioarchaeology of the Hittite plague, 295Nicole E. Smith-Guzmán, Jerome C. Rose & Kathleen KuckensIntroduction, 295Case study: investigating the cause of the Hittite plague, 297Discussion and conclusion, 313Acknowledgments, 313References, 31316 Paleoepidemiological and biocultural approaches to ancient disease: the origin and antiquity of syphilis, 317Molly K. Zuckerman & Kristin N. HarperIntroduction, 317Background, 319Case study: biocultural and paleoepidemiological approaches to the origin and antiquity of syphilis, 324Discussion, 328Conclusion, 330References, 331Notes, 335Part V: Biocultural approaches to understanding population dynamics17 Population and disease transitions in the Åland Islands, Finland, 339James H. MielkeIntroduction, 339Background, 340Case study: Åland archipelago, 346Discussion, 352Conclusion, 357Acknowledgments, 358References, 35818 The hygiene hypothesis and the second epidemiologic transition: using biocultural, epidemiological, and evolutionary theory to inform practice in clinical medicine and public health, 363Molly K. Zuckerman, Jonathan R. Belanich & George J. ArmelagosIntroduction, 363Background, 366Case study: applying the hygiene hypothesis to practice in public health and clinical medicine, 373Discussion and conclusion, 377References, 37919 An emerging history of indigenous Caribbean and circum-Caribbean populations: insights from archaeological, ethnographic, genetic, and historical studies, 385Theodore G. Schurr, Jada Benn Torres, Miguel G. Vilar, Jill B. Gaieski & Carlalynne MelendezIntroduction, 385Case study: exploring Caribbean genetic history, 387Discussion, 394Conclusion, 395Acknowledgments, 396References, 397Notes, 40220 Explorations in paleodemography: an overview of the Artificial Long House Valley agent-based modeling project, 403Alan C. Swedlund, Lisa Sattenspiel, Amy Warren, Richard S. Meindl & George J. Gumerman IIIIntroduction, 403Background, 407Case study: the Artificial Long House Valley (ALHV) Project models, 408Discussion, 419Conclusion, 422Acknowledgments, 424References, 424Part VI: Biocultural approaches to inequality and violence 21 Biocultural perspectives in bioarchaeology, 429Bethany L. Turner & Haagen D. KlausIntroduction, 429Background, 430Case study: understanding European contact in the Americas, 437Conclusion, 446Acknowledgments, 446References, 447Notes, 45122 The poetics of violence in bioarchaeology: Integrating social theory with trauma analysis, 453Ventura R. PérezIntroduction, 453Background, 454Case study: the Sierra de Mazatán massacre, 458Conclusion, 465Acknowledgments, 467References, 46723 Broken bodies and broken bones: Biocultural approaches to ancient slavery and torture, 471Debra L. Martin & Anna J. OsterholtzIntroduction, 471Background, 474Case study: slavery and torture in the prehispanic Southwest, 475Discussion, 486Conclusion, 487References, 488Notes, 490Part VII: The next generation24 Concluding thoughts: a bright future for students trained in using a biocultural perspective, 493Debra L. Martin & Molly K. ZuckermanIntroduction, 493Teaching, pedagogy, and ethics, 494The past as a guide, 496A bright future for biocultural scholarship, 496References, 498Notes, 498Index, 499

Molly K. Zuckerman is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures at Mississippi State University. The author of numerous peer-reviewed publications employing the biocultural approach, Dr Zuckerman also teaches graduate and undergraduate introductory courses in anthropology and biological anthropology, osteology, diet and nutrition, and human behavior and disease.Debra L. Martin is the UNLV Barrick Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Her expertise is in the biocultural approach as it can be applied to understanding poor health, inequality and violence. She has published four co-edited volumes, three co-authored volumes, and over 100 chapters and peer-reviewed articles on biocultural approaches in anthropology.

• Contributors, xvAcknowledgements, xixA biocultural tribute to a biocultural scholar: Professor George J. Armelagos, May 22, 1936–May 15, 2014, 1Debra L. Martin & Molly K. ZuckermanReferences, 61 Introduction: the development of biocultural perspectives in anthropology, 7Molly K. Zuckerman & Debra L. MartinIntroduction, 7The origins and development of the biocultural approach, 8Using a biocultural model, 12Difficulties in using the biocultural approach, 15The case studies in this volume, 15Conclusion, 24References, 24Notes, 26Part I: Critical and synthetic approaches to biocultural anthropology2 Exploring biocultural concepts: anthropology for the next generation, 29R. Brooke ThomasIntroduction, 29Background, 29Case study: the Quechua of southern Peru, 1964 to the present, 31Discussion, 41Conclusion, 42References, 44Notes, 47Endnotes, 473 Local nutrition in global contexts: critical biocultural perspectives on the nutrition transition in Mexico, 49Thomas L. Leatherman, Morgan K. Hoke & Alan H. GoodmanIntroduction, 49Background, 49Case study: the “coca-colonization” of diet in the Yucatán, 54Conclusion, 61References, 62Notes, 65Part II: Biocultural approaches to identity4 Disease and dying while black: how racism, not race, gets under the skin, 69Alan H. GoodmanIntroduction, 69Background, 72Case study: race versus racism, 81Discussion and conclusion, 85References, 865 Beyond genetic race: biocultural insights into the causes of racial health disparities, 89Christopher W. Kuzawa & Clarence C. GravleeIntroduction, 89Background, 90Case study #1: hypertension in the African Diaspora, 99Case study #2: does the experience of racial discrimination in the United States have intergenerational health consequences?, 101Discussion and conclusion, 101References, 1026 Political economy of African forced migration and enslavement in colonial New York: an historical biology perspective, 107Michael L. Blakey & Lesley M. Rankin-HillIntroduction, 107Background, 108Case study, 109Discussion, 125Conclusion, 127References, 129Notes, 1317 Identifying the First African Baptist Church: searching for historically invisible people, 133Lesley M. Rankin-HillIntroduction, 133Case study: Afro-American biohistory, 134Conclusion, 152References, 153Notes, 155Part III: Biocultural approaches to health and diet8 "Canaries in the mineshaft": the children of Kulubnarti, 159Paul A. Sandberg & Dennis P. van GervenIntroduction, 159Case study: Nubia and Kulubnarti, 160Conclusion, 176Acknowledgments, 176References, 1769 Biocultural investigations of ancient Nubia, 181Brenda J. BakerIntroduction, 181Background, 183Case study: operationalizing a biocultural investigation: the Bioarchaeology of Nubia Expedition, 191Conclusion, 194Acknowledgments, 194References, 19410 Life and death in nineteenth-century Peoria, Illinois: taking a biocultural approach towards understanding the past, 201Anne L. Grauer, Laura A. Williams & M. Catherine BirdIntroduction, 201Case study: life and death in nineteenth-century Peoria, 203Discussion, 210Conclusion, 212Acknowledgments, 213References, 21311 Does industrialization always result in reduced skeletal robusticity?, 219Ann L. Magennis & Joshua G.S. ClementzIntroduction, 219Background, 220Case study: testing ideas about robusticity and industrialization, 225Discussion, 232Conclusion, 235Acknowledgments, 236References, 23712 Stable isotopes and selective forces: examples in biocultural and environmental anthropology, 241Christine D. White & Fred J. LongstaffeIntroduction, 241Background, 244Case study: isotopes and epidemiological risk factors/synergies at Wadi Halfa and surrounding regions, 247Discussion and conclusion, 252Acknowledgments, 253References, 25413 The cuisine of prehispanic Central Mexico reconsidered: the "omnivore’s dilemma" revisited, 259Randolph J. Widmer & Rebecca StoreyIntroduction, 259Case study: prehispanic cuisine of Central Mexico, 263Conclusion, 272Acknowledgments, 273References, 274Part IV: Biocultural approaches to infectious disease14 The specter of Ebola: epidemiologic transitions versus the zombie apocalypse, 279Ronald BarrettIntroduction, 279Case study: Ebola and the epidemiological transitions, 282Discussion and conclusion, 290References, 291Notes, 29315 Beyond the differential diagnosis: new approaches to the bioarchaeology of the Hittite plague, 295Nicole E. Smith-Guzmán, Jerome C. Rose & Kathleen KuckensIntroduction, 295Case study: investigating the cause of the Hittite plague, 297Discussion and conclusion, 313Acknowledgments, 313References, 31316 Paleoepidemiological and biocultural approaches to ancient disease: the origin and antiquity of syphilis, 317Molly K. Zuckerman & Kristin N. HarperIntroduction, 317Background, 319Case study: biocultural and paleoepidemiological approaches to the origin and antiquity of syphilis, 324Discussion, 328Conclusion, 330References, 331Notes, 335Part V: Biocultural approaches to understanding population dynamics17 Population and disease transitions in the Åland Islands, Finland, 339James H. MielkeIntroduction, 339Background, 340Case study: Åland archipelago, 346Discussion, 352Conclusion, 357Acknowledgments, 358References, 35818 The hygiene hypothesis and the second epidemiologic transition: using biocultural, epidemiological, and evolutionary theory to inform practice in clinical medicine and public health, 363Molly K. Zuckerman, Jonathan R. Belanich & George J. ArmelagosIntroduction, 363Background, 366Case study: applying the hygiene hypothesis to practice in public health and clinical medicine, 373Discussion and conclusion, 377References, 37919 An emerging history of indigenous Caribbean and circum-Caribbean populations: insights from archaeological, ethnographic, genetic, and historical studies, 385Theodore G. Schurr, Jada Benn Torres, Miguel G. Vilar, Jill B. Gaieski & Carlalynne MelendezIntroduction, 385Case study: exploring Caribbean genetic history, 387Discussion, 394Conclusion, 395Acknowledgments, 396References, 397Notes, 40220 Explorations in paleodemography: an overview of the Artificial Long House Valley agent-based modeling project, 403Alan C. Swedlund, Lisa Sattenspiel, Amy Warren, Richard S. Meindl & George J. Gumerman IIIIntroduction, 403Background, 407Case study: the Artificial Long House Valley (ALHV) Project models, 408Discussion, 419Conclusion, 422Acknowledgments, 424References, 424Part VI: Biocultural approaches to inequality and violence 21 Biocultural perspectives in bioarchaeology, 429Bethany L. Turner & Haagen D. KlausIntroduction, 429Background, 430Case study: understanding European contact in the Americas, 437Conclusion, 446Acknowledgments, 446References, 447Notes, 45122 The poetics of violence in bioarchaeology: Integrating social theory with trauma analysis, 453Ventura R. PérezIntroduction, 453Background, 454Case study: the Sierra de Mazatán massacre, 458Conclusion, 465Acknowledgments, 467References, 46723 Broken bodies and broken bones: Biocultural approaches to ancient slavery and torture, 471Debra L. Martin & Anna J. OsterholtzIntroduction, 471Background, 474Case study: slavery and torture in the prehispanic Southwest, 475Discussion, 486Conclusion, 487References, 488Notes, 490Part VII: The next generation24 Concluding thoughts: a bright future for students trained in using a biocultural perspective, 493Debra L. Martin & Molly K. ZuckermanIntroduction, 493Teaching, pedagogy, and ethics, 494The past as a guide, 496A bright future for biocultural scholarship, 496References, 498Notes, 498Index, 499

Molly K. Zuckerman is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures at Mississippi State University. The author of numerous peer-reviewed publications employing the biocultural approach, Dr Zuckerman also teaches graduate and undergraduate introductory courses in anthropology and biological anthropology, osteology, diet and nutrition, and human behavior and disease.Debra L. Martin is the UNLV Barrick Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Her expertise is in the biocultural approach as it can be applied to understanding poor health, inequality and violence. She has published four co-edited volumes, three co-authored volumes, and over 100 chapters and peer-reviewed articles on biocultural approaches in anthropology.

• Contributors, xvAcknowledgements, xixA biocultural tribute to a biocultural scholar: Professor George J. Armelagos, May 22, 1936–May 15, 2014, 1Debra L. Martin & Molly K. ZuckermanReferences, 61 Introduction: the development of biocultural perspectives in anthropology, 7Molly K. Zuckerman & Debra L. MartinIntroduction, 7The origins and development of the biocultural approach, 8Using a biocultural model, 12Difficulties in using the biocultural approach, 15The case studies in this volume, 15Conclusion, 24References, 24Notes, 26Part I: Critical and synthetic approaches to biocultural anthropology2 Exploring biocultural concepts: anthropology for the next generation, 29R. Brooke ThomasIntroduction, 29Background, 29Case study: the Quechua of southern Peru, 1964 to the present, 31Discussion, 41Conclusion, 42References, 44Notes, 47Endnotes, 473 Local nutrition in global contexts: critical biocultural perspectives on the nutrition transition in Mexico, 49Thomas L. Leatherman, Morgan K. Hoke & Alan H. GoodmanIntroduction, 49Background, 49Case study: the “coca-colonization” of diet in the Yucatán, 54Conclusion, 61References, 62Notes, 65Part II: Biocultural approaches to identity4 Disease and dying while black: how racism, not race, gets under the skin, 69Alan H. GoodmanIntroduction, 69Background, 72Case study: race versus racism, 81Discussion and conclusion, 85References, 865 Beyond genetic race: biocultural insights into the causes of racial health disparities, 89Christopher W. Kuzawa & Clarence C. GravleeIntroduction, 89Background, 90Case study #1: hypertension in the African Diaspora, 99Case study #2: does the experience of racial discrimination in the United States have intergenerational health consequences?, 101Discussion and conclusion, 101References, 1026 Political economy of African forced migration and enslavement in colonial New York: an historical biology perspective, 107Michael L. Blakey & Lesley M. Rankin-HillIntroduction, 107Background, 108Case study, 109Discussion, 125Conclusion, 127References, 129Notes, 1317 Identifying the First African Baptist Church: searching for historically invisible people, 133Lesley M. Rankin-HillIntroduction, 133Case study: Afro-American biohistory, 134Conclusion, 152References, 153Notes, 155Part III: Biocultural approaches to health and diet8 "Canaries in the mineshaft": the children of Kulubnarti, 159Paul A. Sandberg & Dennis P. van GervenIntroduction, 159Case study: Nubia and Kulubnarti, 160Conclusion, 176Acknowledgments, 176References, 1769 Biocultural investigations of ancient Nubia, 181Brenda J. BakerIntroduction, 181Background, 183Case study: operationalizing a biocultural investigation: the Bioarchaeology of Nubia Expedition, 191Conclusion, 194Acknowledgments, 194References, 19410 Life and death in nineteenth-century Peoria, Illinois: taking a biocultural approach towards understanding the past, 201Anne L. Grauer, Laura A. Williams & M. Catherine BirdIntroduction, 201Case study: life and death in nineteenth-century Peoria, 203Discussion, 210Conclusion, 212Acknowledgments, 213References, 21311 Does industrialization always result in reduced skeletal robusticity?, 219Ann L. Magennis & Joshua G.S. ClementzIntroduction, 219Background, 220Case study: testing ideas about robusticity and industrialization, 225Discussion, 232Conclusion, 235Acknowledgments, 236References, 23712 Stable isotopes and selective forces: examples in biocultural and environmental anthropology, 241Christine D. White & Fred J. LongstaffeIntroduction, 241Background, 244Case study: isotopes and epidemiological risk factors/synergies at Wadi Halfa and surrounding regions, 247Discussion and conclusion, 252Acknowledgments, 253References, 25413 The cuisine of prehispanic Central Mexico reconsidered: the "omnivore’s dilemma" revisited, 259Randolph J. Widmer & Rebecca StoreyIntroduction, 259Case study: prehispanic cuisine of Central Mexico, 263Conclusion, 272Acknowledgments, 273References, 274Part IV: Biocultural approaches to infectious disease14 The specter of Ebola: epidemiologic transitions versus the zombie apocalypse, 279Ronald BarrettIntroduction, 279Case study: Ebola and the epidemiological transitions, 282Discussion and conclusion, 290References, 291Notes, 29315 Beyond the differential diagnosis: new approaches to the bioarchaeology of the Hittite plague, 295Nicole E. Smith-Guzmán, Jerome C. Rose & Kathleen KuckensIntroduction, 295Case study: investigating the cause of the Hittite plague, 297Discussion and conclusion, 313Acknowledgments, 313References, 31316 Paleoepidemiological and biocultural approaches to ancient disease: the origin and antiquity of syphilis, 317Molly K. Zuckerman & Kristin N. HarperIntroduction, 317Background, 319Case study: biocultural and paleoepidemiological approaches to the origin and antiquity of syphilis, 324Discussion, 328Conclusion, 330References, 331Notes, 335Part V: Biocultural approaches to understanding population dynamics17 Population and disease transitions in the Åland Islands, Finland, 339James H. MielkeIntroduction, 339Background, 340Case study: Åland archipelago, 346Discussion, 352Conclusion, 357Acknowledgments, 358References, 35818 The hygiene hypothesis and the second epidemiologic transition: using biocultural, epidemiological, and evolutionary theory to inform practice in clinical medicine and public health, 363Molly K. Zuckerman, Jonathan R. Belanich & George J. ArmelagosIntroduction, 363Background, 366Case study: applying the hygiene hypothesis to practice in public health and clinical medicine, 373Discussion and conclusion, 377References, 37919 An emerging history of indigenous Caribbean and circum-Caribbean populations: insights from archaeological, ethnographic, genetic, and historical studies, 385Theodore G. Schurr, Jada Benn Torres, Miguel G. Vilar, Jill B. Gaieski & Carlalynne MelendezIntroduction, 385Case study: exploring Caribbean genetic history, 387Discussion, 394Conclusion, 395Acknowledgments, 396References, 397Notes, 40220 Explorations in paleodemography: an overview of the Artificial Long House Valley agent-based modeling project, 403Alan C. Swedlund, Lisa Sattenspiel, Amy Warren, Richard S. Meindl & George J. Gumerman IIIIntroduction, 403Background, 407Case study: the Artificial Long House Valley (ALHV) Project models, 408Discussion, 419Conclusion, 422Acknowledgments, 424References, 424Part VI: Biocultural approaches to inequality and violence 21 Biocultural perspectives in bioarchaeology, 429Bethany L. Turner & Haagen D. KlausIntroduction, 429Background, 430Case study: understanding European contact in the Americas, 437Conclusion, 446Acknowledgments, 446References, 447Notes, 45122 The poetics of violence in bioarchaeology: Integrating social theory with trauma analysis, 453Ventura R. PérezIntroduction, 453Background, 454Case study: the Sierra de Mazatán massacre, 458Conclusion, 465Acknowledgments, 467References, 46723 Broken bodies and broken bones: Biocultural approaches to ancient slavery and torture, 471Debra L. Martin & Anna J. OsterholtzIntroduction, 471Background, 474Case study: slavery and torture in the prehispanic Southwest, 475Discussion, 486Conclusion, 487References, 488Notes, 490Part VII: The next generation24 Concluding thoughts: a bright future for students trained in using a biocultural perspective, 493Debra L. Martin & Molly K. ZuckermanIntroduction, 493Teaching, pedagogy, and ethics, 494The past as a guide, 496A bright future for biocultural scholarship, 496References, 498Notes, 498Index, 499