Neuroradiology: Key Differential Diagnoses and Clinical Questions

Juan E. Small, MD is the Section Chief of the Neuroradiology Division and the Director of Neuroimaging Education at Lahey Hospital and Medical Center in Burlington, Massachusetts. He is the lead author of Neuroradiology: Key Differential Diagnoses and Clinical Questions. Dr. Small joined Lahey in 2009 after completing his medical degree at Harvard Medical School in Boston; a Master's in Neuroscience at the University of Oxford; a radiology residency at Brigham and Women's Hospital; and a neuroradiology fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Dr. Small is board certified in diagnostic radiology and neuroradiology. Dr. Pamela Schaefer is an associate radiologist and associate director in the Division of Neuroradiology, clinical director of MRI services in the Department of Radiology and program director of the Neuroradiology Fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital. Asha Sarma, MD, is a honors graduate of Dartmouth College and earned her medical degree at the University of Utah. She completed a residency in Diagnostic Radiology at Brigham and Women's Hospital, during which she served as chief resident and received a resident teaching award, and fellowships in Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology at Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Dr. Sarma joined the Vanderbilt faculty in 2018. Paul M. Bunch, MD, is an Associate Professor of Radiology at Wake Forest University School of Medicine. Before joining Wake Forest, Dr. Bunch completed his radiology residency at Brigham and Women's Hospital and his neuroradiology fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital. His primary clinical and research interests relate to head and neck imaging, including head and neck cancer, primary hyperparathyroidism, head and neck anatomy, and dual-energy CT. Dr. Bunch serves on the Editorial Board of RadioGraphics and is also actively involved with the American College of Radiology, the American Society of Neuroradiology, and the American Society of Head and Neck Radiology.

• Part 1 Brain and Coverings1 Computed Tomography Hyperdense Lesions2 T1 Hyperintense Lesions3 Multiple Susceptibility Artifact Lesions4 Lobar Hemorrhage5 Multifocal White Matter Lesions6 Multiple Small Diffuse-Weighted Imaging Hyperintensities7 Cortical Restricted Diffusion8 Ring-Enhancing Lesions9 Punctate and Curvilinear Enhancing Foci10 Leptomeningeal Enhancement11 Dural Enhancement12 Lesions Containing Fat13 Dural-Based Extraaxial Lesions14 Bilateral Central Gray Matter Abnormality15 Temporal Lobe Lesions16 Temporal Lobe Cystic Lesions17 Multicystic Lesions18 Cerebellopontine Angle Cisterns19 Lateral Ventricular Lesions20 Third Ventricular Lesions21 Fourth Ventricular Lesions22 Suprasellar Cystic Lesions23 Pineal Region24 Cranial Nerve Lesions25 Lytic Skull Lesions26 Skull Fracture Versus Sutures27 Clivus Lesions28 Hyperdense Cerebellum29 Low-Lying Cerebellar Tonsils30 T2 Hyperintense Pontine Lesions31 Epidermoid Versus Arachnoid Cyst32 Cyst With a Mural Nodule33 Ecchordosis Physaliphora Versus ChordomaPart 2 Spine34 Atlantooccipital and Atlantoaxial Separation35 Basilar Invagination and Platybasia36 Focal Cord Deformities37 Spinal Cord Metabolic/Demyelinating Processes38 Enhancing Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions39 Enhancing Intramedullary Conus Lesions40 Hemorrhagic Intramedullary Lesion41 Solitary Enhancing Intradural, Extramedullary Lesions42 Multiple Enhancing Intradural, Extramedullary Lesions43 Cystic Intradural Extramedullary Lesions44 Nerve Root Enlargement45 Extramedullary Abnormal Vessels46 Epidural Rim-Enhancing Lesion47 Vertebral Anomalies48 Single Aggressive Vertebral Body Lesion49 Posterior Element Lesions50 Multiple Lytic Lesions of the Spine51 Sacral Masses52 Disk Infection Versus Inflammatory/Degenerative Changes53 Vertebral Compression FracturesPart 3 Head and Neck54 Periauricular Cystic Lesions55 Cystic Lateral Neck Masses56 Infrahyoid Neck Cystic Lesions57 Parapharyngeal Space Masses58 Carotid Space Masses59 Floor of Mouth Lesions60 Thyroglossal Duct Abnormalities61 Primary Hyperparathyroidism62 Masses Involving the Anterior Cranial Fossa63 Petrous Apex Lesions64 Lesions of the External Auditory Canal65 Cochlear Promontory Lesions66 Incomplete Partition and Other Cochlear Anomalies67 Lucent Otic Capsule Lesions68 Lesions of the Facial Nerve69 Labyrinthine Enhancement70 Lucent Jaw Lesions71 Temporomandibular Joint Mineralized Lesions72 Jugular Foramen Lesions73 Optic Nerve Mass74 Cavernous Sinus Masses75 Dilated Superior Ophthalmic Vein/Asymmetric Cavernous Sinus Enhancement76 Adult Globe Lesions77 Orbital Masses78 Lacrimal Gland Lesions79 Extraocular Muscle Enlargement80 Nasal Cavity Masses81 Solitary Parotid Masses82 Bilateral Parotid Lesions83 Retropharyngeal Space Abnormalities84 Cranial Nerve Denervation Patterns Part 1: III-VI85 Cranial Nerve Denervation Patterns Part 2: VII-XIIPart 4 Pediatric Neuroradiology86 Intraventricular Posterior Fossa Tumors87 Pediatric Cerebellar Tumors88 Pediatric Extraaxial Posterior Fossa Tumors89 Midline Posterior Fossa Extraaxial Cystic Lesions90 Pediatric Supratentorial Intraaxial Malignancies91 Occipital Cephalocele92 Congenital Brainstem Abnormalities93 Congenital Cerebellar Abnormalities94 Holoprosencephaly95 Corpus Callosum Abnormalities96 Symmetric Diffusion Abnormality in an Infant97 Abnormal Ventricular Morphology98 Periventricular Nodularity99 Congenital Fluid-Filled Cranial Vault100 Asymmetric Cerebral Hemispheres101 Cortical Malformations102 Hippocampal and Perihippocampal Lesions103 Leukodystrophies104 Congenital Infections105 Congenital Arterial Anastomosis106 Spinal Dysraphism107 Complex Spinal Dysraphism108 Pediatric T2 Hyperintense Spinal Cord Lesion109 Odontoid: Acute Versus Chronic Fragmentation110 Pediatric Nasofrontal Mass111 Pediatric Globe Lesions