Network Routing

Dr Sudip Misra is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. Prior to this he was associated with Cornell University (USA), Yale University (USA), Nortel Networks (Canada), and the Government of Ontario (Canada). He received his PhD degree in Computer Science from Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, and Master's and Bachelor's degrees, respectively, from the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada, and the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. Dr Misra has several years of experience working in academia, government, and the private sector in research, teaching, consulting, project management, software design, and product engineering roles.Dr Sumit Goswami is a scientist with the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India. He has worked in the field of information security, wide area networks, website hosting, network management, and information extraction. He gained his PhD degree and Master's degree in Computer Science and Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. He also holds a Postgraduate Diploma in Journalism and Mass Communication, a Bachelor's Degree in Library and Information Science, and a BTech Degree in Computer Science and Engineering.

• About the Authors xiiiForeword xvPreface xviiAbout the Companion Website xxiPart I Fundamental Concepts 11 Introduction to Network Routing 31.1 Introduction to Networks 31.2 Network Architecture and Standards 61.3 Glimpse at the Network Layer 131.4 Addressing in TCP/IP Networks 161.5 Overview of Routing 201.6 Delivery, Forwarding, Routing, and Switching 211.7 Routing Taxonomy 231.8 Host Mobility and Routing 26References 27Abbreviations/Terminologies 28Questions 30Exercises 322 Basic Routing Algorithms 352.1 Introduction to Routing Algorithms 352.2 Routing Strategies 402.2.1 Non]Adaptive Algorithms 432.2.2 Adaptive Algorithms 442.2.3 Flooding 442.3 Static Shortest Path Routing Algorithms 472.4 Dynamic Shortest Path Routing Algorithms 502.5 Stochastic Routing Algorithms 53References 55Abbreviations/Terminologies 55Questions 56Exercises 573 Fundamental Routing Protocols 593.1 Routing Protocols 593.2 Distance Vector Routing 613.2.1 Working of the Protocol 613.2.2 Convergence of Distance Vector Table 623.2.3 Issues in Distance Vector Routing 633.2.4 Improvements in Distance Vector Routing 673.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 683.3 Link State Routing 683.3.1 Working of the Protocol 683.3.2 Routing Tables 703.4 Path Vector Routing 713.4.1 Working of the Protocol 723.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 743.5 Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Routing 77References 82Abbreviations/Terminologies 83Questions 83Exercises 84Part II Routing with Quality]of]Service and Traffic Engineering 894 Quality]of]Service Routing 914.1 Introduction 914.2 QoS Measures 954.3 Differentiated and Integrated Services 974.4 QoS Routing Algorithms 1034.5 QoS Unicast Routing Protocols 1064.6 QoS Multicast Routing Protocols 1084.7 QoS Best]Effort Routing 112References 113Abbreviations/Terminologies 116Questions 1175 Routing and MPLS Traffic Engineering 1195.1 MPLS Fundamentals 1195.2 Traffic Engineering Routing Algorithms 1205.3 Minimum Interference Routing Algorithm 1215.3.1 The Algorithm 1225.3.2 Limitations of MIRA 1235.4 Profile]Based Routing Algorithm 1245.5 Dynamic Online Routing Algorithm 1255.6 Wang et al.’s Algorithm 1265.7 Random Races Algorithm 126References 127Abbreviations/Terminologies 128Questions 128Exercises 129Part III Routing on the Internet 1316 Interior Gateway Protocols 1336.1 Introduction 1336.2 Distance Vector Protocols 1356.2.1 Routing Information Protocol 1376.2.2 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 1416.3 Link State Protocols 1436.3.1 Open Shortest Path First Protocol 1446.3.2 Intermediate System to Intermediate System Protocol 148References 152Abbreviations/Terminologies 152Questions 153Exercises 1557 Exterior Gateway Protocol 1597.1 Introduction 1597.1.1 Hosts vs Gateways 1617.1.2 Gateway]to]Gateway Protocol 1627.1.3 Autonomous System 1637.1.4 Characteristics of EGP 1657.2 Exterior Gateway Protocol 1667.2.1 Evolution of EGP Standards 1667.2.2 EGP Terminology and Topology 1667.2.3 EGP Operation Model 1677.3 Border Gateway Protocol 1697.3.1 Router Connectivity and Terminology 1697.3.2 Routing Information Base 1817.3.3 BGP Operation 1827.3.4 Decision Process 1847.3.5 Route Selection Process 185References 188Abbreviations/Terminologies 189Questions 190Exercises 191Part IV Other Routing Contexts 1958 Routing in ATM Networks 1978.1 Introduction 1978.1.1 ATM Frames 1998.1.2 ATM Connection 1998.1.3 ATM Architecture 2038.1.4 Service Categories 2048.2 PNNI Routing 2068.2.1 PNNI Interface 2078.2.2 PNNI Hierarchy 2078.2.3 Building the Network Topology 2098.2.4 Peer Group Leader 2108.2.5 Advertizing Topology 2118.2.6 Setting up Connection 212References 213Abbreviations/Terminologies 213Questions 214Exercises 2169 Routing in Cellular Wireless Networks 2199.1 Introduction 2199.2 Basics of Cellular Wireless Networks 2209.3 Resource Allocation 2299.4 Routing in GSM Networks 2319.4.1 Architecture 2329.4.2 Call Routing 2349.5 Challenges in Mobile Computing 235References 238Abbreviations/Terminologies 240Questions 241Exercises 24210 Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 24510.1 Introduction 24510.1.1 Basics of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 24810.1.2 Issues with Existing Protocols 25610.2 Table]Driven (Proactive) Routing Protocols 25810.3 On]Demand (Reactive) Routing Protocols 26010.4 Hybrid Routing Protocols 26610.5 Hierarchical Routing Protocols 26710.6 Geographic Routing Protocols 26810.7 Power]Aware Routing Protocols 274References 276Abbreviations/Terminologies 278Questions 280Exercises 28111 Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks 28511.1 Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks 28511.1.1 Hardware Architecture of Sensor Node 28711.1.2 Network Topology 28911.1.3 Design Factors 29011.1.4 Classification of Routing Protocol 29211.2 Routing Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks 29311.2.1 Self]Healing Networks 29511.2.2 Security Threats 29611.3 Flat Routing Protocols 29711.4 Hierarchical Routing Protocols 30311.5 Location]Based Routing Protocols 30811.6 Multipath Routing Protocols 31011.7 Query]Based Routing Protocols 31211.8 Negotiation]Based Routing Protocols 31411.9 QoS Routing Protocols 31511.9.1 Challenges 31611.9.2 Approach to QoS Routing 31611.9.3 Protocols 317References 317Abbreviations/Terminologies 321Questions 322Exercises 32412 Routing in 6LoWPAN 32712.1 Introduction 32712.1.1 IP for Smart Objects 32812.1.2 6LoWPAN 32912.1.3 ZigBee 33012.1.4 ZigBee vs 6LoWPAN 33012.2 6LoWPAN Fundamentals 33112.2.1 Architecture 33212.2.2 Header Format and Compression 33212.2.3 Network Topology 33512.2.4 Neighbor Discovery 33512.2.5 Routing 33612.3 Interoperability of 6LoWPAN 33712.4 Applications 33812.5 Security Considerations and Research Areas 341References 342Abbreviations/Terminologies 345Questions 346Exercises 348Part V Advanced Concepts 34913 Security in Routing 35113.1 Introduction 35113.1.1 Network Sniffer 35313.1.2 Denial of Service Attack 35713.1.3 Social Engineering 35813.1.4 Packet Filtering 35913.2 Attack Surface 36013.2.1 Types of Attack Surface 36113.2.2 Attack Surface and System Resources 36113.2.3 Attack Surface Metric 36213.2.4 Reduction in Attack Surface 36213.3 Networked Battlefield 36313.4 Mobile Agents 36513.4.1 Architecture and Framework 36813.4.2 Life Cycle 36913.4.3 Challenges 37013.5 Cognitive Security 37013.5.1 Solution Concept 37113.5.2 Cognitive Capabilities 37213.5.3 General Capabilities 373References 373Abbreviations/Terminologies 374Questions 375Exercises 37614 Reliability and Fault]Tolerant and Delay]Tolerant Routing 37714.1 Fundamentals of Network Reliability 37714.1.1 Importance of Reliability Calculation 37814.1.2 Methods to Calculate the Reliability of a Network 37914.2 Fault Tolerance 39014.2.1 Fault]Tolerant Network 39414.2.2 Autonomic Network 39414.3 Network Management for Fault Detection 39814.3.1 Traditional Network Management 39914.3.2 Mobile Agent 40014.3.3 Policy]Based Network Management 40114.4 Wireless Tactical Networks 40214.5 Routing in Delay]Tolerant Networks 40314.5.1 Applications 40414.5.2 Routing Protocols 404References 405Abbreviations/Terminologies 407Questions 408Exercises 409Index 411