Neglected Tropical Diseases and Phytochemicals in Drug Discovery

Chukwuebuka Egbuna is a Research Biochemist in the Department of Biochemistry at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University in Nigeria. He is a reviewer and editorial board member of several journals.Muhammad Akram, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Eastern Medicine at the Government College University in Faisalabad, Pakistan. He has published numerous scholarly articles and is an editor and reviewer for several national and international journals. Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Biochemistry at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University in Nigeria. He is Managing Editor of the Tropical Journal of Applied Natural Sciences.

• List of Contributors xxiPreface xxviiPart I Introduction to Neglected Tropical Diseases 11 Epidemiology of Neglected Tropical Diseases 3Kurubaran Ganasegeran and Surajudeen Abiola Abdulrahman2 Neglected Tropical Diseases, Phytochemicals, Protein Targets,and Mechanisms in Drug Discovery 37Lalit R. Samant, Tehseen M. Dhorajiwala, and Sumit T. Haldar3 Novel Bioactive Lead Compounds for Drug Discovery Against NeglectedTropical Diseases, Leishmaniasis, Lymphatic Filariasis, Trypanosomiasis(African Sleeping Sickness and Chagas Disease),and Schistosomiasis 75Abeer M. El Sayed and Chukwuebuka EgbunaPart II Protozoan Infections 1354 Herbal, Nutritional, and Traditional Remedies for Giardiasis:Phytochemicals as Drug Candidates 137Samrat Bhattacharyya5 Antiprotozoal Activity of Phytochemicals Against Entamoeba histolytica, the Causative Agent of Amoebiasis 171Goutam Kumar Jena, Chinam Niranjan Patra, and Jnyanaranjan Panda6 Antileishmanial Potentials of Phytochemicals 183Shahira M. Ezzat, Mohamed A. Salem, and Ahmed ZayedPart III Helminth Infections 1997 Prospects of Phytochemicals for the Treatment of Helminthiasis 201Muhammad Akram, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Ejaz Mohiuddin, Tolulope Olawumi Oladosun, Phebean Ozolua, Frances N. Olisaka, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Olugbenga Samuel Micheal, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Leena Hameed, Chinaza Godswill Awuchi, Kingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, and Olugbemi Tope Olaniyan8 Efficacy of Phytochemicals of Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Human Echinococcosis: Echinococcal Disease, Hydatidosis, or Hydatid Disease Drug Discovery 225Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Tolulope Olawumi Oladosun, Muhammad Akram, Olugbenga Samuel Micheal, Frances N. Olisaka, Phebean Ozolua, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Goddidit Esiro Enoyoze, and Olugbemi Tope Olaniyan9 Filaricidal Activity of Phytochemicals Against Lymphatic Filariasis 245Jayashree V. Hanchinalmath, Darcia D’mello, Kirankumar Shivasharanappa, T. Pramod, and Sharangouda J. Patil10 Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) and Phytochemicals in Drug Discovery 271Muhammad Akram, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Mehwish Iqbal, Zarrin Basharat, Mithun Rudrapal, Kingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, Johra Khan, and Chukwuemelie Zedech Uche11 Medicinal Potentials of Phytochemicals as a Source of Drugs for the Treatment of Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) 283Chandrashekar Srinivasa, Chandan Shivamallu, S. R. Santhosh Kumar, P. Sushma, Shiva Prasad Kollur, Seema J. Patel, S. S. Patil, R. Suhas, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, and Bui Thanh Tung12 Foodborne Trematodiases and Phytochemicals 299Shashank M. Patil, Ramith Ramu, Prithvi S. Shirahatti, and K. SumanaPart IV Bacterial Infections 33713 Bacteriocidal Effects of Phytochemicals on Mycobacterium ulcerans, the Causative Agents of Buruli Ulcer 339Alloysius Chibuike Ogodo, Francis Ushie Ebuara, and Chidera Favour Ogodo14 Bactericidal Effects of Phytochemicals on Mycobacterium leprae, the Causative Agent of Leprosy 359Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Muhammad Akram, Surajudeen Abiola Abdulrahman, Andrew G. Mtewa, Mithun Rudrapal, Kingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, Saher Rahat, Iram Ghaffar, Amna Siddique, Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje, Michael C. Olisah, Mihnea-Alexandru Ga˘man, Bui Thanh Tung, Chandan Shivamallu, Chukwuemelie Zedech Uche, and Johra Khan15 Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals Effective Against Chlamydia trachomatis, the Causative Agent of Trachoma 381Yusuf Abubakar, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Ahmed Olatunde, Habibu Tijjani, and Uchenna Estella Odoh16 Yaws (Endemic Treponematoses) Drug Discovery from Phytochemicals: An Informatics Protocol for Drug Target Identification to Phytochemical Inhibitor Screening and Validation 397Zarrin Basharat and Arisha KhosoPart V Viral Infections 41717 Dengue Fever: A Brief Overview and Insights into the Potential Applicability of Phytochemicals in Its Management 419Muhammad Akram, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Shaista Jabeen, Olugbemi Tope Olaniyan, Nebechi Jane Ezeofor, Osikemekha Anthony Anani, Umme Laila, Mihnea-Alexandru Ga˘man, Kingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, Jonathan Chinenye Ifemeje, Chukwudi Jude Chikwendu, Michael C. Olisah, and Mithun Rudrapal18 Medicinal Potentials of Phytochemicals for the Management of Rabies 441D. Chandan, Shiva Prasad Kollur, Shashanka K. Prasad, Chandrashekar Srinivasa, Prabhurajeshwar, S. M. Gopinath, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, and Chandan ShivamalluPart VI Fungal and Ectoparasitic Infections 45319 Roles of Medicinal Plants in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Eumycetoma 455Chinaza Godswill Awuchi, Muhammad Akram, and Chibueze Gospel Awuchi20 Role of Phytochemicals in the Treatment of Ectoparasitic Infections: Scabies and Myiasis 477Santwana Palai, Shyam Sundar Kesh, Chinaza Godswill Awuchi, Surajudeen Abiola Abdulrahman, and Chukwuebuka EgbunaPart VII Non Classified NTDs: Malaria and Human Tuberculosis 49921 Malaria and Recent Developments in Antimalarial Drugs 501Mithun Rudrapal and Dipak Chetia22 Therapeutic Potentials of Phytochemicals Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the Causative Agent of Tuberculosis 543Alloysius Chibuike Ogodo, Verwiyeh Silas Tatah, Francis Ushie Ebuara, and Chidera Favour OgodoIndex 571