Nanotoxicology in Nanobiomedicine

P. K. Gupta is an internationally known toxicologist with more than 56 years of experience in the field of teaching, research, and research management in the field of toxicology. To his credit, Dr. Gupta has several books and book chapters (John Wiley & Sons; Elsevier, Academic Press; Merck & Co., Mariel Limited; Springer Nature; etc.) as well as scientific research publications (765) published in national and international peer-reviewed journals of repute. He has been a book review editor at Marcel Dekker, New York; an expert member consultant and advisor to WHO, Geneva; a consultant at the United Nations FAO, Rome, and IAEA, Vienna. He has been the founder and past president of the Society of Toxicology of India; founder, director, and member of the nominating committee of the International Union of Toxicology; and founder and editor-in-chief of the peer-reviewed PUBMED-indexed scientific journal Toxicology International. In addition, Dr. Gupta has also been the biographerfor several editions of WHO’s WHO from all over the world, including Marquis WHO’s WHO (USA), IBC (UK), and other leading publications of the world. His name appears in the UP Book of Records and Limca Book of Records for his unique scientific contribution in toxicology. At present, Dr. Gupta has been a former Chief of the Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. Presently he is the director of the Toxicology Consulting Group and president of the Academy of Sciences for Animal Welfare.

• Introduction.- Terminology.- nano.- polymer nanoparticles.- Nonpolymer nanoparticles.- Nanodevices.- Hybrid materials.- Nanocomposite.- Biomedical.- Further Reading.- Historical Development and Future Trends.- introduction.- Early Period.- Premodern period.- Middle Ages.- Modern Nanotechnology.- Regulations.-Scientific Trends.- Future Trends.-Small Systems Big Applications.- Smart Pills.- Beating the Big C.- Further Reading.- Sources and Classifications.- Introduction.- Properties.- Nanomaterials and Bulk Materials.- Sources.- Naturally produced.- Incidental.- Engineered Nanomaterials.-Classifications.- Natural NPs/NMs.- Incidental NPs.- Synthetic (Engineered) Nanomaterials (NMS).- Dimensions Based Nanomaterials.- Nanoparticles.- Nanoclays.- nanoemulsions.- Further Reading.- Synthesis, Detection and Characterization.- Introduction.- Production Approaches.- Synthesis.- Physical Methods.- Chemical Methods.- Biological Approach.- magnetic nps.- Hybrid nanomaterials.- nanocomposites.-Detection.- Characterization and isolation.- Direct Techniques.- indirect Techniques.- Key Issues in Fabrication.- Further Reading.- Mechanisms of Nanotoxicty.- introduction.- Entry Sites and Uptake.- Elimination.- Phagocytosis.- Macropinocytosis.- Other Entry Mechanisms.- Intracellular Trafficking.- Trojan Horse Mechanism.- Cellular Exocytosis.- Cellular Dysfunction.- Inorganic Nanomaterial Toxicity.- Cell Deaths.- Further Readings.- Applications-. Introduction.- Nanoparticle-Based Technologies-. Agriculture.- Energy and Environment.- Materials Science and Engineering.- Materials Science and Engineering.- Health and Medicine.- Hybrid Nanomaterials.- Nanocomposites.- Further Reading.- Nano Based Drug Delivery Systems.- Introduction.- Overview in Biomedical Science.- properties of NP Drug Delivery.-  Factors influencing Drug Laden  Nanocarriers.- pH Specificity.- Temperature Specificity.- Temperature Specificity.- Advantages of Delivery Vehicles.- Nanocarriers.- Passive Targeting.- Active Targeting.- Uses and Applications.- Delivery Vehicles.- Organic Nanomaterials.-Poly-alkyl-cyano-acrylates (PAC).- Artificial DNA Nanostructures.- Nanocomposites.- Hybrid nanoparticles.- Further Reading.-Tissue Engineering in Dentistry.- Introduction.- Materials for Dental Applications.- Structure and Periodontal Tissue.- Factors Affecting Bone Tissue Regeneration.- Periodontal Diseases.- Tissue Engineering.- Procedure.- Assembly Methods.- Bone Tissue Engineering.- Stem Cell Sources.- Signaling Molecules.- Scaffold/Matrices.- Bioactive Glasses.- Metal-Based materials.-  Polymers.- Composites.- Scaffoldfree Techniques.- Biocompatibility.- Drug or Signaling Molecules Delivery.- Future Prospectives.- Further Reading.- Nanobiosensors.- Introduction.- Variations and Types.- Nanoparticle Based Sensors.- Nanotube Based Sensors.- Nanowire Based Sensors.- Components of a typical Biosensors.- Selection and Optimization.- .- Applications.- Cancer.- Detection of diabetes.- Immunoassay (detection of Ab-Ag reaction).- Detection of pathogenic bacteria.- Future Prospects.- Further Reading.- Health and Medicine.- Introduction.- Keywords.- Nanostructures.- Polymers or Organic NPs.- Nonpoymers or Inorganic Nanoparticles.- Health and Medicine.- Neurodegenerative Disorders.- Tuberculosis.- Ophthalmology.- Respiratory diseases.- Surgery.- Toxicity.- Conclusion.- Further Reading Multiple Choice Questions.