Professor Dieter Vollath has more than 20 years experience in the research of synthesis and properties of nanomaterials. He was Department Head at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany, and gives lectures at the Technical University Graz, Austria. Since 2003 he is acting as nanotechnology consultant with his own company NanoConsulting. His courses on nanomaterials formed the basis for this textbook.

• Preface ix1 Nanomaterials: An Introduction 12 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites 52.1 Introduction 52.2 Elementary Consequences of Small Particle Size 122.2.1 Surface of Nanoparticles 122.2.2 Thermal Phenomena 132.2.3 Diffusion Scaling Law 142.2.4 Scaling of Vibrations 20References 223 Surfaces in Nanomaterials 233.1 General Considerations 233.2 Surface Energy 253.3 Some Technical Consequences of Surface Energy 36References 424 Gas-Phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles 454.1 Fundamental Considerations 454.2 Inert Gas Condensation Process 564.3 Physical and Chemical Vapor Synthesis Processes 574.4 Laser Ablation Process 604.5 Radio- and Microwave Plasma Processes 644.6 Flame Aerosol Process 724.7 Synthesis of Coated Particles 82References 875 Nanotubes, Nanorods, and Nanoplates 895.1 General Considerations 895.1.1 Conditions for the Formation of Rods and Plates 935.1.2 Layered Structures 945.1.3 One-Dimensional Crystals 955.2 Nanostructures Related to Compounds with Layered Structures 985.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene 985.2.2 Nanotubes and Nanorods from Materials other than Carbon 1095.2.3 Synthesis of Nanotubes and Nanorods 113References 1206 Nanofluids 1236.1 Definition 1236.2 Nanofluids for Improved Heat Transfer 1236.3 Ferrofluids 1276.3.1 General Considerations 1276.3.2 Properties of Ferrofluids 1276.3.3 Applications of Ferrofluids 129References 1337 Phase Transformations of Nanoparticles 1357.1 Thermodynamics of Nanoparticles 1357.2 Heat Capacity of Nanoparticles 1367.3 Phase Transformations of Nanoparticles 1397.4 Phase Transformation and Coagulation 1487.5 Structures of Nanoparticles 1497.6 A Closer Look at Nanoparticle Melting 1537.7 Structural Fluctuations 159References 1658 Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles 1678.1 Magnetic Materials 1678.2 Superparamagnetic Materials 1718.3 Susceptibility and Related Phenomena in Superparamagnets 1848.4 Applications of Superparamagnetic Materials 1918.5 Exchange-Coupled Magnetic Nanoparticles 196References 2039 Optical Properties of Nanoparticles 2059.1 General Remarks 2059.2 Adjustment of the Index of Refraction 2059.3 Optical Properties Related to Quantum Confinement 2099.4 Quantum Dots and Other Lumophores 2239.5 Metallic and Semiconducting Nanoparticles Isolated and in Transparent Matrices 2319.6 Special Luminescent Nanocomposites 2439.7 Electroluminescence 2509.8 Photochromic and Electrochromic Materials 2579.8.1 General Considerations 2579.8.2 Photochromic Materials 2579.8.3 Electrochromic Materials 2599.9 Materials for Combined Magnetic and Optic Applications 261References 26710 Electrical Properties of Nanoparticles 26910.1 Fundamentals of Electrical Conductivity in Nanotubes and Nanorods 26910.2 Nanotubes 27810.3 Photoconductivity of Nanorods 28410.4 Electrical Conductivity of Nanocomposites 288References 29611 Mechanical Properties of Nanoparticles 29911.1 General Considerations 29911.2 Bulk Metallic and Ceramic Materials 30211.2.1 Influence of Porosity 30211.2.2 Influence of Grain Size 30411.2.3 Superplasticity 31711.3 Filled Polymer Composites 31911.3.1 Particle-Filled Polymers 31911.3.2 Polymer-Based Nanocomposites Filled with Platelets 32311.3.3 Carbon Nanotube- and Graphene-Based Composites 329References 33312 Characterization of Nanomaterials 33512.1 General Remarks 33512.2 Global Methods for Characterization 33512.2.1 Specific Surface Area 33512.3 X-Ray and Electron Diffraction 34112.4 Electron Microscopy 34912.4.1 General Considerations 34912.4.2 Interaction of the Electron Beam and Specimen 35312.4.3 Localized Chemical Analysis in the Electron Microscope 35812.4.4 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Using a High-Angle Annular Dark-Field Detector 365References 367Index 369