Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine

Visakh P.M., MSc, MPhil, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Physical Electronics, TUSUR University, Tomsk, Russia. His research interests are polymer chemistry, nanotechnology, nanocomposites and bionanocomposites. He has edited over 35 books.

• List of Contributors xiPreface xvii1 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine 1P. M. Visakh1.1 Nanoneurology11.2 NanomolecularDiagnostics 31.3 Nanopharmaceuticals41.4 Roleof Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies 61.5 Nanomaterialsfor Gene Therapy 81.6 Nanotoolsfor the Treatment of Ocular Diseases 101.7 NanotechnologyApplications in Food and Nutrition Science 111.8 RubberNanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 13References 152 Nanoneurology 27LironL. Israel and Eggehard Holler2.1 Introductionand Recent Advances 272.2 Typesof Nanomaterials 302.3 NanomaterialApplications for Neurodegenerative Diseases 322.4 NanomaterialApplications for Strokes 382.5 NanomaterialApplications for Spinal Cord Injuries 412.6 NanomaterialApplications for Brain Tumors 442.7 AdverseEffects of Nanomaterials 502.8 RegulatoryIssues 532.9 Conclusions54References 543 Nanomolecular Diagnostics 65Anila Fariq, Ayesha Selhaba, Anum Zulfiqar, and Azra Yasmin3.1 Introduction653.2 Nanodiagnostics673.3 Nanoparticlesfor Molecular Diagnostics 68ftoc.indd 5 04/25/2022 14:43:47vi  Contents3.4 Applicationsof Nanoparticles for Molecular Diagnostics 753.5 ComparisonBetween Nanomaterials and Other Materials in MolecularDiagnostics 793.6 Prospectsof Nanodiagnostics 793.7 RegulatoryIssues 803.8 Conclusion81References 824 Nanopharmaceuticals 87David Quintanar-Guerrero,Gerardo Leyva-Gómez,Nancy Evelyn Magaña Vergara,and Néstor Mendoza Muñoz4.1 Introduction874.2 Liposomesin Nanopharmaceuticals 894.3 PolymericNanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals 934.4 SolidLipid Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals 994.5 Dendrimersin Nanopharmaceuticals 1014.6 QuantumDots in Nanopharmaceuticals 1044.7 RegulatoryIssues 1064.8 Conclusion109References 1095 Role of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies 115Blanca Ocampo-García,Liliana Aranda Lara, Guillermina Ferro-Flores,Enrique Morales-Avila,and Keila Isaac-Olivé5.1 Introduction1155.2 BiologicalTherapies 1165.3 Nanoparticlesin Biological Therapies 1185.4 Applicationof Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies 1315.5 Advantagesand Disadvantages of Nanoparticles in Biological Therapies 1365.6 Conclusion137References 1376 Nanomaterials for Gene Therapy 153V. Karthik, A. Vigneshwaran, D. Dharun Daniel Raj, T.G.N. Nagrajun, S. Poornima,R. Subbaiya, and M. Saravanan6.1 Introductionand Recent Advances 1536.2 Nanomaterialsand their Physicochemical Properties 1536.3 Methodsof Characterizing the Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials 1546.4 TargetOrgan Biocompatibility/Toxicity 1556.5 GeneDelivery 1586.6 RegulatoryIssues 163References 1637 Nanotools for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases 169Elisa J. Campos, António Campos, João Martins, and António F. Ambrósio7.1 Introduction169ftoc.indd 6 04/25/2022 14:43:47Contents vii7.2 OcularAnatomy 1707.3 PhysiologicalBarriers in the Eye 1717.4 Methodsof Ocular Disease Treatment 1737.5 Nanomedicinein Ocular Therapy 1747.6 ClosingRemarks 180Conflictof Interest 181References 1818 Nanotechnology Applications in Food and Nutrition Science 185Kobra S. Rizi, Majid Rezayi, Ehsan Aryan, Zahra Meshkat, and Majid G. Mobarhan8.1 Introduction1858.2 NanostructuredDelivery Systems 1868.3 NanoparticlesBased on Inorganic Materials 2028.4 MetalNanoparticles 2048.5 Conclusion205References 2069 Rubber Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 225Jayalatha Gopalakrishnan9.1 Introduction2259.2 Rubbersfor Biomedical Applications 2269.3 Rubber-basedNanocomposites 2299.4 Conclusions246References 24610 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine 251P. M Visakh10.1 Nanomaterialsand Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine 25110.2 Nanoroboticsin Nanomedicine 25310.3 Nanosensors25510.4 InorganicNanoparticles for Drug-deliveryApplications 25710.5 IntelligentNanomaterials for Medicine 25910.6 Polymer-basedNanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 26110.7 Toxicityof Nanomaterials 26310.8 MultifunctionalNanomaterials for Medical Applications 26410.9 AntimicrobialApplications of Nanoparticles 265References 26611 Nanomaterials and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine 279Saeid Kargozar, Simin Nazarnezhad, Farzad Kermani, and Francesco Baino11.1 Introductionand Recent Advances 27911.2 TissueEngineering and Regenerative Medicine: General Concepts 28011.3 ImplantableNanomaterials to Regenerate Living Tissues 28211.4 Nanomaterialsas Carriers for Therapeutic Agents 283ftoc.indd 7 04/25/2022 14:43:47viii  Contents11.5 NanofibrousScaffolds 28511.6 Nano-topographyTechniques for Tissue-engineeredScaffolds 28811.7 RegulatoryIssues 29011.8 Conclusion290References 29112 Nanorobotics in Nanomedicine 303Vaishali Y. Londhe and Rupali S. Bhadale12.1 Introduction30312.2 Whatis Nanorobotics? 30412.3 Nanoroboticsin Nanomedicines 30612.4 Nanorobotsfor Medical Imaging 30712.5 Nanorobotsfor Targeted Drug Delivery 30912.6 EnzymaticNanolithography 31312.7 BiomimeticApproach 31412.8 CellBiochips 31512.9 Nanorobotsfor Precision Surgery 31512.10 Nanorobotsfor Detoxification 31712.11 Fabricationof Nanorobots 31812.12 Toxicity32112.13 Administrationand Retrieval 32112.14 ClinicalPresence of Nanorobots 32212.15 Reproducibilityand Standardization 32212.16 RegulatoryIssues 32312.17 Conclusion324References 32513 Nanosensors 333Asit Behera, A.K. Sahoo and S.S. Mohapatra13.1 Introductionand Recent Advances 33313.2 Classificationof Nanosensors 33613.3 NanosensorFabrication 33913.4 InorganicNanosensors 34313.5 Biopolymer-derivedNanosensors 34613.6 Applications34813.7 RegulatoryIssues 35813.8 Conclusions359References 36014 Inorganic Nanoparticles for Drug-deliveryApplications 367Chinnu Sabu, V.K. Ameena Shirin, Renu Sankar and K. Pramod14.1 Introduction36714.2 Synthesisof Inorganic Nanoparticles 36814.3 Propertiesof Inorganic Nanoparticles 371ftoc.indd 8 04/25/2022 14:43:47Contents ix14.4 Functionalizationof Inorganic Nanoparticles 37214.5 QuantumDots for Drug Delivery 37414.6 DrugDelivery by Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 37614.7 SilverNanoparticles for Drug Delivery 37914.8 GoldNanoparticles for Drug Delivery 38314.9 SuperparamagneticIron Oxide Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery 38514.10 HybridSystems of Inorganic Nanoparticles 38614.11 Prospectsof Inorganic Nanoparticles 38814.12 Conclusion388References 38815 Intelligent Nanomaterials for Medicine 401Ajit Behera and Ranjan K. Mohapatra15.1 Introductionto Intelligent Nanomaterials 40115.2 Designand Function of Intelligent Nanoparticles 40315.3 VariousIntelligent Materials for Medicines 40515.4 Typeof Stimuli in Intelligent Nanomaterials in Medicine 41515.5 ClinicalApplications of Intelligent Nanomaterials 41615.6 PotentialRisk Factors in Nanomaterial Application 41915.7 Summaryand Future Prospects 420References 42016 Polymer-basedNanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 427Chander Amgoth, Kaxi Yu, Shuai Chen, Hongzhen Bai and Guping Tang16.1 Introductionand Recent Advances 42716.2 Polymersfor Biomedical Fields 42816.3 Synthesisof Nanocomposites 43216.4 CharacterizationTools for Nanocomposites 43216.5 Size,Shape, and Morphology of Nanocomposites 43316.6 PolymerNanocomposites for Various Applications 43616.7 Nanocompositesfor Molecular Diagnosis and Biopharmaceutics 43716.8 Perspectivesof Nanocomposites 44116.9 Conclusion442References 44217 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 447Elham Abohamzeh, M. Sheikholeslami and Ahmad Shafee17.1 Introductionand Recent Advances 44717.2 BiomedicalApplications of Nanomaterials 44917.3 Biodistribution,Mechanism, and Excretion of Nanomaterials 45317.4 Toxicityof Nanomaterials 45717.5 PhysicochemicalProperties and Toxicity of Nanomaterials 46117.6 RegulatoryIssues 46417.7 Conclusion466ftoc.indd 9 04/25/2022 14:43:47x  ContentsReferences 46618 Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Medical Applications 479Jitha S Jayan, Ramya Rajan, Saritha Appukuttan, and Kuruvilla Joseph18.1 Introductionand Recent Advances 47918.2 MultifunctionalNanomaterials 48118.3 DiagnosticApplication 48318.4 TherapeuticApplication 48518.5 ExternalStimuli-responsiveNanoparticles for Medicinal Applications 48718.6 RegulatoryIssues 49818.7 Conclusionand Future Perspectives 498References 49919 Antimicrobial Applications of Nanoparticles 51719.1 Introduction51719.2 AntimicrobialProperties of Nanoparticles 51819.3 AntimicrobialApplications of Nanoparticles 52519.4 Conclusions539References 540Index 000