Mainak Mukhopadhyay, PhD, is an associate professor at the Department of Biosciences, JIS University, Kolkata. He obtained his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, India in 2014. His research interests include enzymology, nanobiotechnology, and biomass conversion technology. He was awarded the Petrotech Research Fellowship in 2008. In 2016, he was awarded the Early Career Research Award from DSTSERB. He has co-authored 15 peer-reviewed papers and three review papers, edited one book and 19 book chapters, and filed three patents. Debalina Bhattacharya, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, West Bengal, India. She obtained her PhD from Jadavpur University, India in 2014, which focused on cancer biology and bionanotechnology. She has co-authored 24 peer-reviewed research articles and review articles, as well as 17 book chapters.

• Preface xvii1 Nanocellulose: A Cutting Edge Biopolymer: An Overview 1Bidisha Saha and Mainak Mukhopadhyay1.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanocellulose: A Brief Overview 31.3 Extraction of Nanocellulose 61.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization for Nanocelluloses 101.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Polymeric Composites 131.6 Summary and Prospects 192 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) and Nanocrystals (CNC): Pre-Treatment, Preparation, and Characterization 27Jiawei Chen, Yu Chen and Tanushree Ghosh2.1 Introduction 282.2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) 292.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) 382.4 Characterization 432.5 Conclusion 493 Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose 63Moushali Sil, Kamolika Mukhopadhyay, Durba Roy, Sampriti Kundu and Debalina Bhattacharya3.1 Introduction 643.2 Structure and Functions of Proteins Involved in Bcs Operon 703.3 Diverse Nature of Bcs Operon 723.4 Regulation of Bacterial Nanocellulose Biosynthesis 733.5 Genetic Manipulation of BNC Producing Strains to Increase Yield 743.6 Factors for BNC Production 773.7 Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose 803.8 Conclusion 834 Process and Applications of Electrospinning 89Anushka Lather and Shubhangi Paliwal4.1 Introduction 894.2 A Brief History of Electrospinning 904.3 Setup for the Experiment 924.4 Principle of the Process 934.5 Factors Affecting the Process of Electrospinning 934.6 Electrospinning Variations 974.7 Applications of Electrospun Fibers 1014.8 Summary, Conclusion and Future Prospects 1055 Development of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites and Its Properties 113Sunita Adak5.1 Introduction 1145.2 Nanocellulose 1175.3 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 1255.4 Properties of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 1315.5 Conclusion 1346 Surface Functionalization Process: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 141Pranabi Maji and Dibyarupa Pal6.1 Chemical Approach 1416.2 Enzymatic Approach 1466.3 Physical Techniques 1486.4 Conclusion 1547 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting 159Sneha Dey, Paramjeet Singh, Sampriti Sarkar and Avik Acharya Chowdhury7.1 Introduction 1607.2 Nanocellulose and Its Properties 1617.3 Classification of Nanocellulose and Their Synthesis 1667.4 Composites Based on Nanocellulose 1697.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting 1727.6 Limitations of Nanocellulose 1777.7 Future Prospects 1807.8 Conclusion 1818 Application of Nanocellulose for Wound Dressings 193B.A. Aderibigbe8.1 Introduction 1948.2 Types of Wounds 1958.3 Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings 1968.4 Commercialized Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings 2108.5 Future Perspective and Conclusion 2119 Use of Nanocellulose for Drug Carriers for Drug Delivery Applications 221Rubai Ahmed, Swarnali Das, Jhimli Banerjee, Sovan Samanta, Sandeep Kumar Dash and Arindam Pramanik9.1 Introduction 2239.2 Strategies for Drug Delivery 2249.3 Application of Various Biomaterials for Drug Delivery 2269.4 Different Methods Involved in Nanocellulose Synthesis 2299.5 Types of Nanocellulose 2329.6 Different Methods Used for Drug Loading/Encapsulation of Drug in Nanocellulose 2359.7 Importance of Nanocellulose as Drug Carrier 2399.8 Drug Delivery via Different Nanocelluloses 2419.9 Nanocellulose-Based Drug Delivery in Pathological Disorder 2439.10 Commercialized and Research-Associated Nanocellulose Products Reported in Clinical Trials 2499.11 Future Perspective 2529.12 Conclusion 25310 Preparation of Antibacterial Nanocomposite Materials Using Nanocellulose 267Moumita Bishai10.1 Introduction 26810.2 Nanocellulose 26910.3 Functionalization of Nanocellulose 27210.4 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite 27310.5 Properties of the Nanocomposites 27310.6 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite Processing 27410.7 Antibacterial Properties of the Nanocomposite Material 27910.8 Conclusions and Future Trends 27911 Application of Nanocellulose for Treatment of Renal Failure 297Prapti Chakraborty and Priyanka Ray11.1 Introduction 29811.2 Renal Disease and Its Implications 29911.3 Nanocellulose—Concept and Formulation 30411.4 Kidney Targeted Drug Delivery by Nanocellulose 30911.5 Conclusion 31212 Use of Nanocellulose Hydrogels for Ophthalmic Applications 319Gouranga Dutta, Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar and Abimanyu Sugumaran12.1 Introduction 32012.2 Nanocellulose Overview 32112.3 Nanocellulose Compatibility for Ophthalmic Applications 32712.4 Nanocellulose Hydrogel 32812.5 Ophthalmic Application of Nanocellulose 33012.6 Conclusion and Future Aspect 33113 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials 335Shubhangi Paliwal and Anushka Lather13.1 Introduction 33613.2 Chemical as Well as the Structural Makeup of Cellulose Fibers 33713.3 Cellulose—Origin, Extraction, and Sources 33913.4 Isolation, Chemical Transformations, and Purification of Cellulose 34113.5 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials 34513.6 Conclusion 35214 Use of Nanocellulose for Dental Applications 359Rupankar Ghosh, Amlan Roychowdhury and Ditipriya Hazra14.1 Introduction 35914.2 Application of Nanocellulose in Dental Science 36214.3 Conclusion 36815 Future Prospects of Bacterial Nanocellulose and Its Composites 373Anbazhagan Thirumalai, Mahashweta Mitra Ghosh, Agnishwar Girigoswami and Koyeli Girigoswami15.1 Introduction 37415.2 Cellulose 37515.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 37615.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose-Based Hybrid Nanocomposites 37915.5 Biomedical Applications of BNC 38215.6 Conclusion 386Acknowledgments 386References 386Index 391

Mainak Mukhopadhyay, PhD, is an associate professor at the Department of Biosciences, JIS University, Kolkata. He obtained his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, India in 2014. His research interests include enzymology, nanobiotechnology, and biomass conversion technology. He was awarded the Petrotech Research Fellowship in 2008. In 2016, he was awarded the Early Career Research Award from DSTSERB. He has co-authored 15 peer-reviewed papers and three review papers, edited one book and 19 book chapters, and filed three patents. Debalina Bhattacharya, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, West Bengal, India. She obtained her PhD from Jadavpur University, India in 2014, which focused on cancer biology and bionanotechnology. She has co-authored 24 peer-reviewed research articles and review articles, as well as 17 book chapters.

• Preface xvii1 Nanocellulose: A Cutting Edge Biopolymer: An Overview 1Bidisha Saha and Mainak Mukhopadhyay1.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanocellulose: A Brief Overview 31.3 Extraction of Nanocellulose 61.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization for Nanocelluloses 101.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Polymeric Composites 131.6 Summary and Prospects 192 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) and Nanocrystals (CNC): Pre-Treatment, Preparation, and Characterization 27Jiawei Chen, Yu Chen and Tanushree Ghosh2.1 Introduction 282.2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) 292.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) 382.4 Characterization 432.5 Conclusion 493 Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose 63Moushali Sil, Kamolika Mukhopadhyay, Durba Roy, Sampriti Kundu and Debalina Bhattacharya3.1 Introduction 643.2 Structure and Functions of Proteins Involved in Bcs Operon 703.3 Diverse Nature of Bcs Operon 723.4 Regulation of Bacterial Nanocellulose Biosynthesis 733.5 Genetic Manipulation of BNC Producing Strains to Increase Yield 743.6 Factors for BNC Production 773.7 Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose 803.8 Conclusion 834 Process and Applications of Electrospinning 89Anushka Lather and Shubhangi Paliwal4.1 Introduction 894.2 A Brief History of Electrospinning 904.3 Setup for the Experiment 924.4 Principle of the Process 934.5 Factors Affecting the Process of Electrospinning 934.6 Electrospinning Variations 974.7 Applications of Electrospun Fibers 1014.8 Summary, Conclusion and Future Prospects 1055 Development of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites and Its Properties 113Sunita Adak5.1 Introduction 1145.2 Nanocellulose 1175.3 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 1255.4 Properties of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 1315.5 Conclusion 1346 Surface Functionalization Process: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 141Pranabi Maji and Dibyarupa Pal6.1 Chemical Approach 1416.2 Enzymatic Approach 1466.3 Physical Techniques 1486.4 Conclusion 1547 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting 159Sneha Dey, Paramjeet Singh, Sampriti Sarkar and Avik Acharya Chowdhury7.1 Introduction 1607.2 Nanocellulose and Its Properties 1617.3 Classification of Nanocellulose and Their Synthesis 1667.4 Composites Based on Nanocellulose 1697.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting 1727.6 Limitations of Nanocellulose 1777.7 Future Prospects 1807.8 Conclusion 1818 Application of Nanocellulose for Wound Dressings 193B.A. Aderibigbe8.1 Introduction 1948.2 Types of Wounds 1958.3 Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings 1968.4 Commercialized Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings 2108.5 Future Perspective and Conclusion 2119 Use of Nanocellulose for Drug Carriers for Drug Delivery Applications 221Rubai Ahmed, Swarnali Das, Jhimli Banerjee, Sovan Samanta, Sandeep Kumar Dash and Arindam Pramanik9.1 Introduction 2239.2 Strategies for Drug Delivery 2249.3 Application of Various Biomaterials for Drug Delivery 2269.4 Different Methods Involved in Nanocellulose Synthesis 2299.5 Types of Nanocellulose 2329.6 Different Methods Used for Drug Loading/Encapsulation of Drug in Nanocellulose 2359.7 Importance of Nanocellulose as Drug Carrier 2399.8 Drug Delivery via Different Nanocelluloses 2419.9 Nanocellulose-Based Drug Delivery in Pathological Disorder 2439.10 Commercialized and Research-Associated Nanocellulose Products Reported in Clinical Trials 2499.11 Future Perspective 2529.12 Conclusion 25310 Preparation of Antibacterial Nanocomposite Materials Using Nanocellulose 267Moumita Bishai10.1 Introduction 26810.2 Nanocellulose 26910.3 Functionalization of Nanocellulose 27210.4 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite 27310.5 Properties of the Nanocomposites 27310.6 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite Processing 27410.7 Antibacterial Properties of the Nanocomposite Material 27910.8 Conclusions and Future Trends 27911 Application of Nanocellulose for Treatment of Renal Failure 297Prapti Chakraborty and Priyanka Ray11.1 Introduction 29811.2 Renal Disease and Its Implications 29911.3 Nanocellulose—Concept and Formulation 30411.4 Kidney Targeted Drug Delivery by Nanocellulose 30911.5 Conclusion 31212 Use of Nanocellulose Hydrogels for Ophthalmic Applications 319Gouranga Dutta, Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar and Abimanyu Sugumaran12.1 Introduction 32012.2 Nanocellulose Overview 32112.3 Nanocellulose Compatibility for Ophthalmic Applications 32712.4 Nanocellulose Hydrogel 32812.5 Ophthalmic Application of Nanocellulose 33012.6 Conclusion and Future Aspect 33113 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials 335Shubhangi Paliwal and Anushka Lather13.1 Introduction 33613.2 Chemical as Well as the Structural Makeup of Cellulose Fibers 33713.3 Cellulose—Origin, Extraction, and Sources 33913.4 Isolation, Chemical Transformations, and Purification of Cellulose 34113.5 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials 34513.6 Conclusion 35214 Use of Nanocellulose for Dental Applications 359Rupankar Ghosh, Amlan Roychowdhury and Ditipriya Hazra14.1 Introduction 35914.2 Application of Nanocellulose in Dental Science 36214.3 Conclusion 36815 Future Prospects of Bacterial Nanocellulose and Its Composites 373Anbazhagan Thirumalai, Mahashweta Mitra Ghosh, Agnishwar Girigoswami and Koyeli Girigoswami15.1 Introduction 37415.2 Cellulose 37515.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 37615.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose-Based Hybrid Nanocomposites 37915.5 Biomedical Applications of BNC 38215.6 Conclusion 386Acknowledgments 386References 386Index 391

Mainak Mukhopadhyay, PhD, is an associate professor at the Department of Biosciences, JIS University, Kolkata. He obtained his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, India in 2014. His research interests include enzymology, nanobiotechnology, and biomass conversion technology. He was awarded the Petrotech Research Fellowship in 2008. In 2016, he was awarded the Early Career Research Award from DSTSERB. He has co-authored 15 peer-reviewed papers and three review papers, edited one book and 19 book chapters, and filed three patents. Debalina Bhattacharya, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, West Bengal, India. She obtained her PhD from Jadavpur University, India in 2014, which focused on cancer biology and bionanotechnology. She has co-authored 24 peer-reviewed research articles and review articles, as well as 17 book chapters.

• Preface xvii1 Nanocellulose: A Cutting Edge Biopolymer: An Overview 1Bidisha Saha and Mainak Mukhopadhyay1.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanocellulose: A Brief Overview 31.3 Extraction of Nanocellulose 61.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization for Nanocelluloses 101.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Polymeric Composites 131.6 Summary and Prospects 192 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) and Nanocrystals (CNC): Pre-Treatment, Preparation, and Characterization 27Jiawei Chen, Yu Chen and Tanushree Ghosh2.1 Introduction 282.2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) 292.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) 382.4 Characterization 432.5 Conclusion 493 Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose 63Moushali Sil, Kamolika Mukhopadhyay, Durba Roy, Sampriti Kundu and Debalina Bhattacharya3.1 Introduction 643.2 Structure and Functions of Proteins Involved in Bcs Operon 703.3 Diverse Nature of Bcs Operon 723.4 Regulation of Bacterial Nanocellulose Biosynthesis 733.5 Genetic Manipulation of BNC Producing Strains to Increase Yield 743.6 Factors for BNC Production 773.7 Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose 803.8 Conclusion 834 Process and Applications of Electrospinning 89Anushka Lather and Shubhangi Paliwal4.1 Introduction 894.2 A Brief History of Electrospinning 904.3 Setup for the Experiment 924.4 Principle of the Process 934.5 Factors Affecting the Process of Electrospinning 934.6 Electrospinning Variations 974.7 Applications of Electrospun Fibers 1014.8 Summary, Conclusion and Future Prospects 1055 Development of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites and Its Properties 113Sunita Adak5.1 Introduction 1145.2 Nanocellulose 1175.3 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 1255.4 Properties of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 1315.5 Conclusion 1346 Surface Functionalization Process: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 141Pranabi Maji and Dibyarupa Pal6.1 Chemical Approach 1416.2 Enzymatic Approach 1466.3 Physical Techniques 1486.4 Conclusion 1547 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting 159Sneha Dey, Paramjeet Singh, Sampriti Sarkar and Avik Acharya Chowdhury7.1 Introduction 1607.2 Nanocellulose and Its Properties 1617.3 Classification of Nanocellulose and Their Synthesis 1667.4 Composites Based on Nanocellulose 1697.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting 1727.6 Limitations of Nanocellulose 1777.7 Future Prospects 1807.8 Conclusion 1818 Application of Nanocellulose for Wound Dressings 193B.A. Aderibigbe8.1 Introduction 1948.2 Types of Wounds 1958.3 Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings 1968.4 Commercialized Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings 2108.5 Future Perspective and Conclusion 2119 Use of Nanocellulose for Drug Carriers for Drug Delivery Applications 221Rubai Ahmed, Swarnali Das, Jhimli Banerjee, Sovan Samanta, Sandeep Kumar Dash and Arindam Pramanik9.1 Introduction 2239.2 Strategies for Drug Delivery 2249.3 Application of Various Biomaterials for Drug Delivery 2269.4 Different Methods Involved in Nanocellulose Synthesis 2299.5 Types of Nanocellulose 2329.6 Different Methods Used for Drug Loading/Encapsulation of Drug in Nanocellulose 2359.7 Importance of Nanocellulose as Drug Carrier 2399.8 Drug Delivery via Different Nanocelluloses 2419.9 Nanocellulose-Based Drug Delivery in Pathological Disorder 2439.10 Commercialized and Research-Associated Nanocellulose Products Reported in Clinical Trials 2499.11 Future Perspective 2529.12 Conclusion 25310 Preparation of Antibacterial Nanocomposite Materials Using Nanocellulose 267Moumita Bishai10.1 Introduction 26810.2 Nanocellulose 26910.3 Functionalization of Nanocellulose 27210.4 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite 27310.5 Properties of the Nanocomposites 27310.6 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite Processing 27410.7 Antibacterial Properties of the Nanocomposite Material 27910.8 Conclusions and Future Trends 27911 Application of Nanocellulose for Treatment of Renal Failure 297Prapti Chakraborty and Priyanka Ray11.1 Introduction 29811.2 Renal Disease and Its Implications 29911.3 Nanocellulose—Concept and Formulation 30411.4 Kidney Targeted Drug Delivery by Nanocellulose 30911.5 Conclusion 31212 Use of Nanocellulose Hydrogels for Ophthalmic Applications 319Gouranga Dutta, Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar and Abimanyu Sugumaran12.1 Introduction 32012.2 Nanocellulose Overview 32112.3 Nanocellulose Compatibility for Ophthalmic Applications 32712.4 Nanocellulose Hydrogel 32812.5 Ophthalmic Application of Nanocellulose 33012.6 Conclusion and Future Aspect 33113 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials 335Shubhangi Paliwal and Anushka Lather13.1 Introduction 33613.2 Chemical as Well as the Structural Makeup of Cellulose Fibers 33713.3 Cellulose—Origin, Extraction, and Sources 33913.4 Isolation, Chemical Transformations, and Purification of Cellulose 34113.5 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials 34513.6 Conclusion 35214 Use of Nanocellulose for Dental Applications 359Rupankar Ghosh, Amlan Roychowdhury and Ditipriya Hazra14.1 Introduction 35914.2 Application of Nanocellulose in Dental Science 36214.3 Conclusion 36815 Future Prospects of Bacterial Nanocellulose and Its Composites 373Anbazhagan Thirumalai, Mahashweta Mitra Ghosh, Agnishwar Girigoswami and Koyeli Girigoswami15.1 Introduction 37415.2 Cellulose 37515.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 37615.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose-Based Hybrid Nanocomposites 37915.5 Biomedical Applications of BNC 38215.6 Conclusion 386Acknowledgments 386References 386Index 391