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The minstrelsy play, song, and dance "Jump, Jim Crow" did more than enable blackface performers to spread racist stereotypes about Black Americans. This widespread antebellum-era cultural phenomenon was instrumental in normalizing the N-word across several aspects of American life. Material culture, sporting culture, consumer products, house-pets, carnival games and even geographic landmarks obtained the racial slur as a formal and informal appellation. Music, it is argued, was the catalyst for normalizing and disseminating those two ugly syllables throughout society, well beyond the environs of plantation and urban slavery.This weighty and engaging look at the English language's most explosive slur, described by scholars as the "atomic bomb" of bigoted words, traces the N-word's journey through various music genres and across generations. The author uses private letters, newspaper accounts, exclusive interviews and, most importantly, music lyrics from artists in the fields of minstrelsy, folk, country, ragtime, blues, jazz, rock 'n' roll and hip hop. The result is a reflective account of how the music industry has channeled linguistic and cultural movements across eras, resulting in changes to the slur's meaning and spelling.
Todd M. Mealy (Ph.D., American studies, Penn State University) is a writer who specializes in 19th and 20th century civil rights history and sports culture. A contributor to Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine, he lives in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Table of ContentsAuthor’s Note viiiAcknowledgmentsPrefaceOne. The N-Word’s Musical ContoursTwo. Out of Music: The N-Word’s Material, Environmental, and Social ContoursThree. John Lennon’s N-Word MomentFour. Interlude: Diverse OpinionsFive. Philosorock: John Lennon, Bob Dylan, and Other White Musicians Who Sing the N-WordSix. Black Demystification, White Bewilderment: Transformation and Numbing in Black Comedy and Black MusicSeven. Muhammad Ali, Rap, and That WordEight. A Hip-Hop IconNine. A Sensible Rule: A Case StudyTen. Inviting Destruction Beyond the MusicConclusion: Welcome to the Conversation, Country MusicEpilogue: CodaChapter NotesBibliographyIndex
