Kalim Deshmukh, PhD, is a senior researcher at the New Technologies Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech Republic. He has over 18 years of research experience in the synthesis, characterization and investigations of structure-property relationships of a wide variety of polymeric materials, polymer blends and nanocomposites for various technological applications. Moreover, he has actively participated and presented his research work at several international conferences. Mayank Pandey, PhD, is a materials physicist and an electronic researcher, with an experimental background in synthesizing graphene quantum dots (GQDs)-based polymeric composites, polymer nanocomposites, polymer blends and composite electrolytes, organic semiconductor/organic solar cells and their impedance spectroscopy analysis. He has also contributed to the development of new synthesis approaches in the field of nanocarbon derivatives. He has published over 30 research articles in peer-reviewed high-impact journals and 5 book chapters. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, United States. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of around 150 books, including scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

• Preface xv1 Two-Dimensional MXenes: Fundamentals, Characteristics, Synthesis Methods, Processing, Compositions, Structure, and Applications 1Sudipta Goswami and Chandan Kumar Ghosh1.1 Introduction 11.2 Fundamentals 21.3 General Characteristics of the MXenes 61.4 Synthesis Methods 81.5 Applications 191.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 322 Chemical Exfoliation and Delamination Methods of MXenes 39Kaili Gong, Lian Yin and Keqing Zhou2.1 Introduction 392.2 HF Etching Method 402.3 In Situ HF-Forming Etching Method 432.4 Molten Salt Etching Method 492.5 Electrochemical Etching Method 522.6 Hydrothermal Etching Method 552.7 Alkali Etching Method 582.8 Other Etching Methods 592.9 Exfoliation Strategies of Multilayered MXene 622.10 Conclusion 653 Surface Terminations and Surface Functionalization Strategies of MXenes 71Lekshmi A. G., Rejithamol. R., Santhy A., Akhila Raman, Asok Aparna and Appukuttan Saritha3.1 Introduction 713.2 Surface Termination Strategies in MXenes 723.3 Methods of Surface Functionalization in MXenes 773.4 Application of Surface Modified MXenes 833.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 964 Electronic, Electrical and Optical Properties of MXenes 107Deepthi Jayan K. and Ragin Ramdas M.4.1 Introduction 1084.2 Structure of MXenes 1094.3 An Overview of Various Methods of Synthesis of MXenes 1104.4 Electronic Properties 1124.5 Electrical Properties 1224.6 Optical Properties 1304.7 Conclusion 1385 Magnetic, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of MXenes 147R. Ghamsarizade, B. Ramezanzadeh, H. Eivaz Mohammadloo and N. Mehranshad5.1 Introduction 1475.2 Magnetic Characteristics of MXenes 1505.3 Mechanical Characteristics of MXenes 1625.4 Thermal Characteristics of MXenes 1715.5 Conclusion 1786 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Fabrication Methods, Processing, Properties and Applications 185Zhenting Yin, Pengfei Jia and Bibo Wang6.1 Introduction 1856.2 Fabrication Methods and Processing 1876.3 Properties 1936.4 Applications 2036.5 Conclusion and Outlook 2097 Structural, Morphological and Tribological Properties of Polymer/MXene Composites 221Humira Assad, Ishrat Fatma, Praveen Kumar Sharma and Ashish Kumar7.1 Introduction 2237.2 Overview of MXene 2257.3 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposites 2257.4 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposite Fabrication Methods 2277.5 Characteristics of Polymer/MXene Composites 2307.6 Novel Applications of Polymer/MXene Composites 2447.7 Conclusion and Outlook 2478 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Dielectric Applications 257Karuppasamy P., Sennappan M., Hemavathi B., Manjunath H. R. and Anjanpura V. Raghu8.1 Introduction 2578.2 Synthesis of MXene 2588.3 Modification Strategies of MXene 2638.4 Synthesis Methods and Fabrication of MXene-Based Polymer Composites 2648.5 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composite 2668.6 Dielectric Applications of MXene/Polymer Composite Materials 2748.7 Conclusion 2809 MXenes-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Microwave Absorption and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications 287B. D. S. Deeraj, Jitha S. Jayan, Asok Aparna, Appukuttan Saritha and Kuruvilla Joseph9.1 Introduction to MXenes 2879.2 Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 2929.3 MXenes-Based Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 2949.4 EMI Shielding Mechanisms for MXene-Based Materials 2969.5 MXenes/Polymer Composites for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 2979.6 Electrospun Fibers with MXenes as Additives 3049.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook 31110 Polymer/MXene Composites for Supercapacitor and Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor Applications 321Anju C.10.1 Introduction 32110.2 MXene-Polymer Composites 32310.3 Applications of MXene Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications 32710.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 35010.5 Conclusion 35011 MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Hazardous Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Detection 359Sachin Karki, Rajashree Bhuyan, Sachin R. Geed and Pravin G. Ingole11.1 Introduction 35911.2 Synthesis of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites 36111.3 Properties of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites 36711.4 Mxene–Polymer Composites Applications 36911.5 Future Directions 37911.6 Conclusion 38012 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites as Flexible Wearable Sensors 389J. Aarthi, K. Selvaraju, S. Gowri, K. Kirubavathi and Ananthakumar Ramadoss12.1 Introduction 38912.2 Performance Parameter for Flexible Pressure and Strain Sensor 39112.3 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Pressure Sensors 39312.4 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Strain Sensors 40112.5 Design of MXenes/Biopolymer Composites as a Flexible Pressure Sensor 41112.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 41613 MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Various Biomedical Applications 423Jamuna Bai Aswathanarayan, Subba Rao V. Madhunapantula and Ravishankar Rai Vittal13.1 Introduction to MXenes 42313.2 Synthesis of MXenes and Their Physicochemical Properties 42413.3 Biomedical Applications of MXenes 42613.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 45014 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composite Membranes for Water Desalination and Wastewater Treatment 459Anjana Sreekumar, Ajil R. Nair, Akhila Raman, Akhil Sivan, Mayank Pandey, Kalim Deshmukh and Saritha Appukuttan14.1 Introduction 45914.2 Preparation 46114.3 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composites 46714.4 MXene Composite Membranes: Potentiality in Wastewater Treatment and Water Desalination 47214.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 49115 MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membranes for Pervaporation and Gas Separation 501S. Manobalan and T. P. Sumangala15.1 Introduction 50115.2 Development of MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membrane 50315.3 Pervaporation 51215.4 Gas Separation 52915.5 Conclusion and Future Work 539Acknowledgement 540References 540Index 547

Kalim Deshmukh, PhD, is a senior researcher at the New Technologies Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech Republic. He has over 18 years of research experience in the synthesis, characterization and investigations of structure-property relationships of a wide variety of polymeric materials, polymer blends and nanocomposites for various technological applications. Moreover, he has actively participated and presented his research work at several international conferences. Mayank Pandey, PhD, is a materials physicist and an electronic researcher, with an experimental background in synthesizing graphene quantum dots (GQDs)-based polymeric composites, polymer nanocomposites, polymer blends and composite electrolytes, organic semiconductor/organic solar cells and their impedance spectroscopy analysis. He has also contributed to the development of new synthesis approaches in the field of nanocarbon derivatives. He has published over 30 research articles in peer-reviewed high-impact journals and 5 book chapters. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, United States. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of around 150 books, including scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

• Preface xv1 Two-Dimensional MXenes: Fundamentals, Characteristics, Synthesis Methods, Processing, Compositions, Structure, and Applications 1Sudipta Goswami and Chandan Kumar Ghosh1.1 Introduction 11.2 Fundamentals 21.3 General Characteristics of the MXenes 61.4 Synthesis Methods 81.5 Applications 191.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 322 Chemical Exfoliation and Delamination Methods of MXenes 39Kaili Gong, Lian Yin and Keqing Zhou2.1 Introduction 392.2 HF Etching Method 402.3 In Situ HF-Forming Etching Method 432.4 Molten Salt Etching Method 492.5 Electrochemical Etching Method 522.6 Hydrothermal Etching Method 552.7 Alkali Etching Method 582.8 Other Etching Methods 592.9 Exfoliation Strategies of Multilayered MXene 622.10 Conclusion 653 Surface Terminations and Surface Functionalization Strategies of MXenes 71Lekshmi A. G., Rejithamol. R., Santhy A., Akhila Raman, Asok Aparna and Appukuttan Saritha3.1 Introduction 713.2 Surface Termination Strategies in MXenes 723.3 Methods of Surface Functionalization in MXenes 773.4 Application of Surface Modified MXenes 833.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 964 Electronic, Electrical and Optical Properties of MXenes 107Deepthi Jayan K. and Ragin Ramdas M.4.1 Introduction 1084.2 Structure of MXenes 1094.3 An Overview of Various Methods of Synthesis of MXenes 1104.4 Electronic Properties 1124.5 Electrical Properties 1224.6 Optical Properties 1304.7 Conclusion 1385 Magnetic, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of MXenes 147R. Ghamsarizade, B. Ramezanzadeh, H. Eivaz Mohammadloo and N. Mehranshad5.1 Introduction 1475.2 Magnetic Characteristics of MXenes 1505.3 Mechanical Characteristics of MXenes 1625.4 Thermal Characteristics of MXenes 1715.5 Conclusion 1786 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Fabrication Methods, Processing, Properties and Applications 185Zhenting Yin, Pengfei Jia and Bibo Wang6.1 Introduction 1856.2 Fabrication Methods and Processing 1876.3 Properties 1936.4 Applications 2036.5 Conclusion and Outlook 2097 Structural, Morphological and Tribological Properties of Polymer/MXene Composites 221Humira Assad, Ishrat Fatma, Praveen Kumar Sharma and Ashish Kumar7.1 Introduction 2237.2 Overview of MXene 2257.3 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposites 2257.4 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposite Fabrication Methods 2277.5 Characteristics of Polymer/MXene Composites 2307.6 Novel Applications of Polymer/MXene Composites 2447.7 Conclusion and Outlook 2478 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Dielectric Applications 257Karuppasamy P., Sennappan M., Hemavathi B., Manjunath H. R. and Anjanpura V. Raghu8.1 Introduction 2578.2 Synthesis of MXene 2588.3 Modification Strategies of MXene 2638.4 Synthesis Methods and Fabrication of MXene-Based Polymer Composites 2648.5 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composite 2668.6 Dielectric Applications of MXene/Polymer Composite Materials 2748.7 Conclusion 2809 MXenes-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Microwave Absorption and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications 287B. D. S. Deeraj, Jitha S. Jayan, Asok Aparna, Appukuttan Saritha and Kuruvilla Joseph9.1 Introduction to MXenes 2879.2 Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 2929.3 MXenes-Based Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 2949.4 EMI Shielding Mechanisms for MXene-Based Materials 2969.5 MXenes/Polymer Composites for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 2979.6 Electrospun Fibers with MXenes as Additives 3049.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook 31110 Polymer/MXene Composites for Supercapacitor and Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor Applications 321Anju C.10.1 Introduction 32110.2 MXene-Polymer Composites 32310.3 Applications of MXene Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications 32710.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 35010.5 Conclusion 35011 MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Hazardous Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Detection 359Sachin Karki, Rajashree Bhuyan, Sachin R. Geed and Pravin G. Ingole11.1 Introduction 35911.2 Synthesis of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites 36111.3 Properties of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites 36711.4 Mxene–Polymer Composites Applications 36911.5 Future Directions 37911.6 Conclusion 38012 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites as Flexible Wearable Sensors 389J. Aarthi, K. Selvaraju, S. Gowri, K. Kirubavathi and Ananthakumar Ramadoss12.1 Introduction 38912.2 Performance Parameter for Flexible Pressure and Strain Sensor 39112.3 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Pressure Sensors 39312.4 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Strain Sensors 40112.5 Design of MXenes/Biopolymer Composites as a Flexible Pressure Sensor 41112.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 41613 MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Various Biomedical Applications 423Jamuna Bai Aswathanarayan, Subba Rao V. Madhunapantula and Ravishankar Rai Vittal13.1 Introduction to MXenes 42313.2 Synthesis of MXenes and Their Physicochemical Properties 42413.3 Biomedical Applications of MXenes 42613.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 45014 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composite Membranes for Water Desalination and Wastewater Treatment 459Anjana Sreekumar, Ajil R. Nair, Akhila Raman, Akhil Sivan, Mayank Pandey, Kalim Deshmukh and Saritha Appukuttan14.1 Introduction 45914.2 Preparation 46114.3 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composites 46714.4 MXene Composite Membranes: Potentiality in Wastewater Treatment and Water Desalination 47214.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 49115 MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membranes for Pervaporation and Gas Separation 501S. Manobalan and T. P. Sumangala15.1 Introduction 50115.2 Development of MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membrane 50315.3 Pervaporation 51215.4 Gas Separation 52915.5 Conclusion and Future Work 539Acknowledgement 540References 540Index 547

Kalim Deshmukh, PhD, is a senior researcher at the New Technologies Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech Republic. He has over 18 years of research experience in the synthesis, characterization and investigations of structure-property relationships of a wide variety of polymeric materials, polymer blends and nanocomposites for various technological applications. Moreover, he has actively participated and presented his research work at several international conferences. Mayank Pandey, PhD, is a materials physicist and an electronic researcher, with an experimental background in synthesizing graphene quantum dots (GQDs)-based polymeric composites, polymer nanocomposites, polymer blends and composite electrolytes, organic semiconductor/organic solar cells and their impedance spectroscopy analysis. He has also contributed to the development of new synthesis approaches in the field of nanocarbon derivatives. He has published over 30 research articles in peer-reviewed high-impact journals and 5 book chapters. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, United States. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of around 150 books, including scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

• Preface xv1 Two-Dimensional MXenes: Fundamentals, Characteristics, Synthesis Methods, Processing, Compositions, Structure, and Applications 1Sudipta Goswami and Chandan Kumar Ghosh1.1 Introduction 11.2 Fundamentals 21.3 General Characteristics of the MXenes 61.4 Synthesis Methods 81.5 Applications 191.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 322 Chemical Exfoliation and Delamination Methods of MXenes 39Kaili Gong, Lian Yin and Keqing Zhou2.1 Introduction 392.2 HF Etching Method 402.3 In Situ HF-Forming Etching Method 432.4 Molten Salt Etching Method 492.5 Electrochemical Etching Method 522.6 Hydrothermal Etching Method 552.7 Alkali Etching Method 582.8 Other Etching Methods 592.9 Exfoliation Strategies of Multilayered MXene 622.10 Conclusion 653 Surface Terminations and Surface Functionalization Strategies of MXenes 71Lekshmi A. G., Rejithamol. R., Santhy A., Akhila Raman, Asok Aparna and Appukuttan Saritha3.1 Introduction 713.2 Surface Termination Strategies in MXenes 723.3 Methods of Surface Functionalization in MXenes 773.4 Application of Surface Modified MXenes 833.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 964 Electronic, Electrical and Optical Properties of MXenes 107Deepthi Jayan K. and Ragin Ramdas M.4.1 Introduction 1084.2 Structure of MXenes 1094.3 An Overview of Various Methods of Synthesis of MXenes 1104.4 Electronic Properties 1124.5 Electrical Properties 1224.6 Optical Properties 1304.7 Conclusion 1385 Magnetic, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of MXenes 147R. Ghamsarizade, B. Ramezanzadeh, H. Eivaz Mohammadloo and N. Mehranshad5.1 Introduction 1475.2 Magnetic Characteristics of MXenes 1505.3 Mechanical Characteristics of MXenes 1625.4 Thermal Characteristics of MXenes 1715.5 Conclusion 1786 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Fabrication Methods, Processing, Properties and Applications 185Zhenting Yin, Pengfei Jia and Bibo Wang6.1 Introduction 1856.2 Fabrication Methods and Processing 1876.3 Properties 1936.4 Applications 2036.5 Conclusion and Outlook 2097 Structural, Morphological and Tribological Properties of Polymer/MXene Composites 221Humira Assad, Ishrat Fatma, Praveen Kumar Sharma and Ashish Kumar7.1 Introduction 2237.2 Overview of MXene 2257.3 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposites 2257.4 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposite Fabrication Methods 2277.5 Characteristics of Polymer/MXene Composites 2307.6 Novel Applications of Polymer/MXene Composites 2447.7 Conclusion and Outlook 2478 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Dielectric Applications 257Karuppasamy P., Sennappan M., Hemavathi B., Manjunath H. R. and Anjanpura V. Raghu8.1 Introduction 2578.2 Synthesis of MXene 2588.3 Modification Strategies of MXene 2638.4 Synthesis Methods and Fabrication of MXene-Based Polymer Composites 2648.5 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composite 2668.6 Dielectric Applications of MXene/Polymer Composite Materials 2748.7 Conclusion 2809 MXenes-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Microwave Absorption and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications 287B. D. S. Deeraj, Jitha S. Jayan, Asok Aparna, Appukuttan Saritha and Kuruvilla Joseph9.1 Introduction to MXenes 2879.2 Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 2929.3 MXenes-Based Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 2949.4 EMI Shielding Mechanisms for MXene-Based Materials 2969.5 MXenes/Polymer Composites for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption 2979.6 Electrospun Fibers with MXenes as Additives 3049.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook 31110 Polymer/MXene Composites for Supercapacitor and Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor Applications 321Anju C.10.1 Introduction 32110.2 MXene-Polymer Composites 32310.3 Applications of MXene Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications 32710.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 35010.5 Conclusion 35011 MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Hazardous Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Detection 359Sachin Karki, Rajashree Bhuyan, Sachin R. Geed and Pravin G. Ingole11.1 Introduction 35911.2 Synthesis of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites 36111.3 Properties of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites 36711.4 Mxene–Polymer Composites Applications 36911.5 Future Directions 37911.6 Conclusion 38012 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites as Flexible Wearable Sensors 389J. Aarthi, K. Selvaraju, S. Gowri, K. Kirubavathi and Ananthakumar Ramadoss12.1 Introduction 38912.2 Performance Parameter for Flexible Pressure and Strain Sensor 39112.3 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Pressure Sensors 39312.4 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Strain Sensors 40112.5 Design of MXenes/Biopolymer Composites as a Flexible Pressure Sensor 41112.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 41613 MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Various Biomedical Applications 423Jamuna Bai Aswathanarayan, Subba Rao V. Madhunapantula and Ravishankar Rai Vittal13.1 Introduction to MXenes 42313.2 Synthesis of MXenes and Their Physicochemical Properties 42413.3 Biomedical Applications of MXenes 42613.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 45014 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composite Membranes for Water Desalination and Wastewater Treatment 459Anjana Sreekumar, Ajil R. Nair, Akhila Raman, Akhil Sivan, Mayank Pandey, Kalim Deshmukh and Saritha Appukuttan14.1 Introduction 45914.2 Preparation 46114.3 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composites 46714.4 MXene Composite Membranes: Potentiality in Wastewater Treatment and Water Desalination 47214.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 49115 MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membranes for Pervaporation and Gas Separation 501S. Manobalan and T. P. Sumangala15.1 Introduction 50115.2 Development of MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membrane 50315.3 Pervaporation 51215.4 Gas Separation 52915.5 Conclusion and Future Work 539Acknowledgement 540References 540Index 547