MXene Membranes for Separations

Haihui Wang, PhD, is Professor at Tsinghua University in China. His research is focused on inorganic membranes, membrane reactors, and energy materials.Yanying Wei, PhD, is Professor at South China University of Technology. Her research focuses on novel 2D nanosheet membranes and MOF membranes.Li Ding, PhD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at South China University of Technology. His research is focused on MXene-based membranes for efficient separation applications and mass transport in nanochannels.

• Preface ixAbout the Authors xiAcknowledgment xiiiAbbreviations and Symbols xv1 Introduction 11.1 Membrane Development at a Glance 11.2 Two-Dimensional Membranes 11.3 Separation Mechanisms of 2D Membranes 21.4 Fabrication Methods for 2D Membranes 41.5 Applications of 2D Membranes 6References 62 Types of 2D Material-Based Membranes 92.1 Porous Two-Dimensional Nanosheet-Based Membranes 92.1.1 Zeolite 2D Membranes 92.1.2 Metal–Organic Framework 2D Membranes 102.1.3 Covalent Organic Framework (COF) 2D Membranes 112.1.4 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Membranes 122.2 Nonporous 2D Nanosheet-Based Membranes 132.2.1 Graphene-Based Membranes 132.2.2 Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Membranes 152.2.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD) Membranes 152.2.4 MXene Membranes (Typically Ti3C2Tx) 16References 183 MXene Nanosheets and Membranes 253.1 Preparation and Characterization of MXene Nanosheets 253.1.1 Top-down Synthesis 253.1.2 Bottom-up Synthesis 313.2 Preparation and Characterization of MXene Membranes 34References 404 MXene Membranes for Nanofiltration 434.1 Introduction 434.2 Separation Performance ofMXene-Based Nanofiltration Membranes 444.3 Summary 57References 575 MXene Membranes for the Isolation of Antibiotics 615.1 Introduction 615.2 Physical Adsorption 625.3 Advanced Oxidation 685.4 Membrane Separation 725.5 Summary 84References 846 MXene-Based Membranes for Gas Separation 896.1 Introduction 896.2 Gas Separation Performance of MXene-Based Membranes 906.3 Summary 101References 1027 MXene Membranes for Ion Separation 1057.1 Introduction 1057.2 Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes for Monovalent Metal Ion Sieving 1067.2.1 Preparation of Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes 1067.2.2 Monovalent Metal Ion-sieving Performance of Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes 1077.2.3 Characterization of Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes 1097.3 Thermally Cross-Linked MXene Membranes for Heavy Metal Ion Separation by a Voltage-supported Process 1127.3.1 Mixed-ion Sieving and Exclusion of the Heavy Metal Ion Pb2+ 1137.3.2 Characterization of Thermally Cross-Linked MXene Membranes 1157.4 Ultrathin MXene-Derived Membranes by Sinter-cross-linking with Tunable Interlayer Spacing 1177.4.1 Properties and Ion-rejection Performance of Sinter-cross-linked MXene Membranes 1177.4.2 Characterization of Sinter-cross-linked MXene Membranes and MXene Nanosheets at Different Sintering Temperatures 1207.5 Al3+-cross-linked MXene Membranes 1217.5.1 Preparation and Characterization of Al3+-cross-linked MXene Membranes 1227.5.2 Ion-sieving Performance of Al3+-cross-linked MXene Membranes 1237.6 Summary 126References 1268 MXene Membrane for Oil/Water Emulsion Separation 1298.1 Introduction 1298.2 Functional Polymer Layer on Support 1308.3 Low-Dimensional Materials 1348.4 Summary 151References 1519 MXene Membranes for Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion 1579.1 Introduction 1579.2 Performance of MXene Membranes for Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion 1589.3 Summary 169References 17010 Scale-Up of MXene Membranes 17510.1 Introduction 17510.2 Scale-Up of 2D Membranes 17610.2.1 Spin Coating 17710.2.2 Spray Coating 17710.2.3 Drop Coating and Dip Coating 17910.2.4 Doctor Blade Method 17910.2.5 Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) 18110.3 Summary 191References 19211 Perspectives 19711.1 Further Applications of MXene Nanosheets 19711.2 Challenges and Outlook for MXene Membranes 19811.2.1 Stability of MXene Nanosheets Must Be Improved 19811.2.2 Scalable Fabrication of MXene Membranes with Suitable Interlayer Channels Is Required 19811.2.3 Operating Time of MXene Membranes under Realistic Operation Conditions Must Be Extended 19911.2.4 Fundamentals of Mass Transport Mechanisms in Confined Nanochannels/Sub-nanochannels Within MXene Membranes Has to Be Studied 199References 200Index 203