Rosemary M. Lehman worked with University of Wisconsin—Extension for more than 20 years and is now an author, online instructor, and partner in eInterface. Simone C. O. Conceição is a professor in the School of Education, Department of Administrative Leadership, at University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee.They are the authors of Managing Online Instructor Workload and Creating a Sense of Presence in Online Teaching both from Jossey-Bass.

• List of Tables, Exhibits, and Figure ixPreface xiThe Focus of This Book xiiWho Can Benefit from This Book xiiOur Beliefs About Learning and Teaching xiiHow This Book Is Organized xiiiAcknowledgments xivAbout the Authors xvii1. Concerns and Opportunities for Online Student Retention 1Evolving Concepts of Presence, Communication, and Interaction 1Redefining the Characteristics of the Higher Education Learner 2New Ways of Learning 2Causes for Increased Enrollment 3The State of Higher Education and Online Learning 4Concerns for Online Student Retention 5Reasons Online Students Drop Out 5Factors for Student Persistence in Online Education 7Opportunities for Online Education 10New Learner Behaviors and Skills in the 21st Century 11Filling the Gap: Strategies for Online Persistence 142. Design Strategies for Retaining Online Students 17Intentional Design for Online Courses 19Design Elements and Strategies to Help Students Stay Motivated Online 20Creating the Learning Environment 20Planning for the Teaching Process 25Predicting Learners’ Needs 30The Impact of Intentional Design for Online Course Success 32Design Strategies for Retaining Online Students 343. Student Strategies for Staying Motivated Online 38Pathway and Strategies for Staying Motivated in Online Courses 38Self-Awareness 39Self-Efficacy 40A Purpose for Taking a Course 41Means to Achieve Goals 42Rewards for Achieving Goals 53Explaining Study Findings from a Motivational Perspective 56Incorporating Student Strategies into Course Design 594. Support Strategies for Helping Online Students Persist 65Types of Support Perceived as Important by Students 66Human Resource Support 66Institutional Support 69Self-Care 70Support Strategies for Helping Online Students Persist 71Instructional Support Strategies 72Institutional Support Strategies 75Self-Care Strategies 805. Pulling the Strategies Together 83Established Findings Related to Online Student Retention 84Major Contributions from Our Study 84New Ways of Th inking About Learning and Teaching 86Persistence Model for Online Student Retention 87Student-Centered Model 88Strategies for Helping Students Persist in an Online Course 89Times of Change for Learning in the 21st Century 94Instructors’ Skills for Meeting Students’ 21st-Century Fluencies 95Implications and Conclusions for Learning and Teaching Online 104Glossary 107References 111Appendix 1 117Appendix 2 127Index 135

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Rosemary M. Lehman worked with University of Wisconsin—Extension for more than 20 years and is now an author, online instructor, and partner in eInterface. Simone C. O. Conceição is a professor in the School of Education, Department of Administrative Leadership, at University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee.They are the authors of Managing Online Instructor Workload and Creating a Sense of Presence in Online Teaching both from Jossey-Bass.

• List of Tables, Exhibits, and Figure ixPreface xiThe Focus of This Book xiiWho Can Benefit from This Book xiiOur Beliefs About Learning and Teaching xiiHow This Book Is Organized xiiiAcknowledgments xivAbout the Authors xvii1. Concerns and Opportunities for Online Student Retention 1Evolving Concepts of Presence, Communication, and Interaction 1Redefining the Characteristics of the Higher Education Learner 2New Ways of Learning 2Causes for Increased Enrollment 3The State of Higher Education and Online Learning 4Concerns for Online Student Retention 5Reasons Online Students Drop Out 5Factors for Student Persistence in Online Education 7Opportunities for Online Education 10New Learner Behaviors and Skills in the 21st Century 11Filling the Gap: Strategies for Online Persistence 142. Design Strategies for Retaining Online Students 17Intentional Design for Online Courses 19Design Elements and Strategies to Help Students Stay Motivated Online 20Creating the Learning Environment 20Planning for the Teaching Process 25Predicting Learners’ Needs 30The Impact of Intentional Design for Online Course Success 32Design Strategies for Retaining Online Students 343. Student Strategies for Staying Motivated Online 38Pathway and Strategies for Staying Motivated in Online Courses 38Self-Awareness 39Self-Efficacy 40A Purpose for Taking a Course 41Means to Achieve Goals 42Rewards for Achieving Goals 53Explaining Study Findings from a Motivational Perspective 56Incorporating Student Strategies into Course Design 594. Support Strategies for Helping Online Students Persist 65Types of Support Perceived as Important by Students 66Human Resource Support 66Institutional Support 69Self-Care 70Support Strategies for Helping Online Students Persist 71Instructional Support Strategies 72Institutional Support Strategies 75Self-Care Strategies 805. Pulling the Strategies Together 83Established Findings Related to Online Student Retention 84Major Contributions from Our Study 84New Ways of Th inking About Learning and Teaching 86Persistence Model for Online Student Retention 87Student-Centered Model 88Strategies for Helping Students Persist in an Online Course 89Times of Change for Learning in the 21st Century 94Instructors’ Skills for Meeting Students’ 21st-Century Fluencies 95Implications and Conclusions for Learning and Teaching Online 104Glossary 107References 111Appendix 1 117Appendix 2 127Index 135

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Rosemary M. Lehman worked with University of Wisconsin—Extension for more than 20 years and is now an author, online instructor, and partner in eInterface. Simone C. O. Conceição is a professor in the School of Education, Department of Administrative Leadership, at University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee.They are the authors of Managing Online Instructor Workload and Creating a Sense of Presence in Online Teaching both from Jossey-Bass.

• List of Tables, Exhibits, and Figure ixPreface xiThe Focus of This Book xiiWho Can Benefit from This Book xiiOur Beliefs About Learning and Teaching xiiHow This Book Is Organized xiiiAcknowledgments xivAbout the Authors xvii1. Concerns and Opportunities for Online Student Retention 1Evolving Concepts of Presence, Communication, and Interaction 1Redefining the Characteristics of the Higher Education Learner 2New Ways of Learning 2Causes for Increased Enrollment 3The State of Higher Education and Online Learning 4Concerns for Online Student Retention 5Reasons Online Students Drop Out 5Factors for Student Persistence in Online Education 7Opportunities for Online Education 10New Learner Behaviors and Skills in the 21st Century 11Filling the Gap: Strategies for Online Persistence 142. Design Strategies for Retaining Online Students 17Intentional Design for Online Courses 19Design Elements and Strategies to Help Students Stay Motivated Online 20Creating the Learning Environment 20Planning for the Teaching Process 25Predicting Learners’ Needs 30The Impact of Intentional Design for Online Course Success 32Design Strategies for Retaining Online Students 343. Student Strategies for Staying Motivated Online 38Pathway and Strategies for Staying Motivated in Online Courses 38Self-Awareness 39Self-Efficacy 40A Purpose for Taking a Course 41Means to Achieve Goals 42Rewards for Achieving Goals 53Explaining Study Findings from a Motivational Perspective 56Incorporating Student Strategies into Course Design 594. Support Strategies for Helping Online Students Persist 65Types of Support Perceived as Important by Students 66Human Resource Support 66Institutional Support 69Self-Care 70Support Strategies for Helping Online Students Persist 71Instructional Support Strategies 72Institutional Support Strategies 75Self-Care Strategies 805. Pulling the Strategies Together 83Established Findings Related to Online Student Retention 84Major Contributions from Our Study 84New Ways of Th inking About Learning and Teaching 86Persistence Model for Online Student Retention 87Student-Centered Model 88Strategies for Helping Students Persist in an Online Course 89Times of Change for Learning in the 21st Century 94Instructors’ Skills for Meeting Students’ 21st-Century Fluencies 95Implications and Conclusions for Learning and Teaching Online 104Glossary 107References 111Appendix 1 117Appendix 2 127Index 135

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